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* 時差の表

[4] [[時差の表]]と解説が含まれています。

[REFS[
- [2] 
[CITE@en[Publications of the United States Naval Observatory ... ser.2 v.4 pt.4. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library]] ([TIME[2018-10-11 00:44:59 +09:00]]) <https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012313147;view=1up;seq=561> - <https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012313147;view=1up;seq=588>
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]REFS]

[7] 
APPENDIX IV.  [CSECTION[THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE USE OF STANDARD TIME]],
[[EDWARD EVERETT HAYDEN]],
Lient, Commander, U. S. N.,
Head of the Department of Chronometers and Time Service,
[CITE[PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY OBSERVATORY]], SECOND SERIES, Volume IV, Part IV, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, [TIME[1906][year:1906]].

[6] [[時差の表]]部分の日付はない。同じく[TIME[1906年][year:1906]]か。
[TIME[1904年12月][1904-12]]よりも後。

[8] [CITE[Mathematical Geography]] は出典を
[TIME[1905年][year:1905]]版とする。
[TIME[1905年][year:1905]]版自体は未発見。
[CITE[Mathematical Geography]] 
の該当部分は[[時差の表]]の一部を再構成したものになっている模様。
細かな表現の違いが多いが、
原文の改訂で変化したものか、転載時に手が入ったものか不明。
掲載情報自体がやや異なる部分があるので、
原文自体でかなり改訂されているとは推測される。

[12] 
同じ[[著者]]の[[論文]]
[CITE[THE CHRONOMETER AND TIME SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL OBSERVATORY AND THE PRESENT STATUS OF STANDARD TIME]]
の表の改訂版とみられます。

** ABSTRACTS OF OFFICIAL REPORTS OF THE KIND OF TIME IN USE BY VARIOUS NATIONS

;; [5] 出典は >>2、見た感じ >>3 と >>1 も同内容

The following abstracts have been prepared from official reports collected and
forwarded to the Superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory by the
Department of State, through the Diplomatic and Consular Service, and the Depart-
ment of the Navy, through the Bureau of Navigation and the Office of Naval
Intelligence:

;; 重複部分省略

;; [11] 別ページの
Table for the Conversion of Time、
Summary of Nations that use Standard Time
と統合。

[FIG(table)[

:c: Country.
:conv: 
Table for the Conversion of Time
:stb:
Base of System
[SRC[Summary of ...]]
:st:Summary of Nations that use Standard Time
:s: System of Time in Actual Use.
:t: [[時差]]
:a: Author-
ity.

:c: Argentina
:conv: [TZ[-04:16:48]]
:t: [TZ[-04:16:48.2]]
:a: A. E. 
American Ephemeris
:s: 
The official time in use throughout Argentina is re-
ferred to the meridian of Cordoba, 4[SUP[h]] 16[SUP[m]] 48[SUP[s]].2 west
from Greenwich.  At 11 a. m. a daily signal is tele-
graphed from the Cordoba Observatory.  The great-
est deviation of local mean time from the offical
time would not exceed 26 minutes.  La Plata is
25[SUP[m]] 45[SUP[s]] east from Cordoba, and Mendoza, the most
western town of importance, is 18[SUP[m]] 32[SUP[s]] west from
Cordoba.
:stb: [[Cordoba]]
:st: [TZ[-04:16:48.2]]

:c: Austria-Hun-
gary
:t: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:s:
Standard time does not exist in Austria except for 
the service of railroads.  Central European 
time, 15° east from Greenwich, is required to be
used by all the railways.  This is not a matter of
law, but is in force by order of the proper authori-
ties.
:conv: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+01:00:00]]

:c: Belgium
:conv: [TZ[+00:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+00:00:00]]
:s:
The official time in Belgium is calculated from 0 to 24 
hours, zero corresponding to mean midnight at 
Greenwich. The Royal Observatory at Brussels 
communicates daily the precise hour to the Central
Telegraphic  Administration and Government offices;
also to important corporations.  The Telegraphic
Administration transmits it to the towns in Bel-
gium.
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+00:00:00]]

:c: [[Brazil]] ([[Rio Janeiro]])
:conv: [TZ[-02:52:41]]

:c: [[British Empire]]
:y: [TZ[+00:00:00]]
:s:
[BOX[

Great Britain: The meridian of Greenwich is the stand-
ard time meridian for―
England,
Isle of Man,
Orkneys,
Shetland Islands, 
Scotland.

Ireland: The meridan of Dublin 0[SUP[h]] 25[SUP[m]] 21[SUP[s]].1 west 
from Greenwich is the standard time meridian. 
[TZ[-00:25:21.1]]
A.E.

Colonies:

[BOX(indent)[

Africa: The meridan of longitude 30° east from
Greenwich is the standard time meridian for―
Cape Colony, 
Natal,
Orange River Colony,
Rhodesia,
Transvaal. 
[TZ[+02:00:00]]

Australia: The standard time meridian is for―

[BOX(indent)[

[FENCED[][ [LINES[ New South Wales, ][ Queensland, ]] ][}]] longitude 150° east from
Greenwich.
[TZ[+10:00:00]]

South Australia, including Northern Terri-
tory, longitude 142°.5 east from Greenwich.
[TZ[+09:30:00]]

[FENCED[][ [LINES[ Tasmania, ][ Victoria. ]] ][}]], longitude 150° east from Green-
wich.
[TZ[+10:00:00]]

West Australia, longitude 120° east from 
Greenwich.
[TZ[+08:00:00]]

]BOX]

Canada: The standard time meridian is for―

[BOX(indent)[

[FENCED[][ [LINES[Alberta,][Assiniboia,][Athabasca,]] ][}]] longitude 105° west from Green-
wich.
[TZ[-07:00:00]]

British Columbia, longitude 120° west from
Greenwich.
[TZ[-08:00:00]]

[FENCED[][ [LINES[Keewatin,][Manitoba,]] ][}]] longitude 90° west from Green-
wich.
[TZ[-06:00:00]]

New Brunswick, longitude 75° west from
Greenwich.
[TZ[-05:00:00]]

Nova Scotia, longitude 60° west from Green-
wich.
[TZ[-04:00:00]]

Ontario, longitude 75° west from Greenwich.
[TZ[-05:00:00]]

Prince Edward Island, longitude 60° west 
from Greenwich.
[TZ[-04:00:00]]

Quebec, longitude 75° west from Greenwich.
[TZ[-05:00:00]]

]BOX]

Chatham Island, longitude 172°.5 east from Green-
wich.
[TZ[+11:30:00]]

Gibraltar, longitude of Greenwich
[TZ[+00:00:00]]

Hongkong, longitude of 120° east from Greenwich 
[TZ[+08:00:00]]

Malta, longitude 15° east from Greenwich
[TZ[+01:00:00]]

New Zealand, longitude 172°.5 east from Green-
wich.
[TZ[+11:30:00]]

Strait Settlements, longitude of Fort Fullerton,
Singapore, 6[SUP[h]] 55[SUP[m]] 25[SUP[s]] east from Greenwich.
[TZ[+06:55:25.0]]
B. 
Bowditch's American Practical Navigator

]BOX]

Assuming local mean time for other British colonies
gives the following results:

Antigua (St. John)
[TZ[-04:07:21.9]]
B.

Arabia (Aden) 
[TZ[+02:59:55.9]]
B.

Bahamas (Nassau)
[TZ[-05:09:27.9]]
B.

Barbados (Bridgetown)
[TZ[-03:58:29.2]]
C. T. 
Connaissance des Temps

Bermudas (Hamilton)
[TZ[-04:19:26.4]]
B.

Borneo (Labuan)
[TZ[+07:41:01.0]]
B.

[BOX(indent)[
N[SMALLCAPS[OTE]].―It is reported unofficially that stand-
ard time has been adopted in British North
Borneo and Labuan.
[TZ[+08:00:00]]
]BOX]

Falkland Islands (Port Stanley)
[TZ[-03:51:26.0]]
B.

Fiji Islands (Suva)
[TZ[+11:53:44.3]]
B.

Guiana (Demerara)
[TZ[-03:52:46.0]]
B.

Honduras (Belize)
[TZ[-05:52:46.7]]
B.

India (Madras)
[TZ[+05:20:59.1]]
A. E.

India (Calcutta)
[TZ[+05:53:20.8]]
B.

India (Bombay)
[TZ[+04:51:15.7]]
A. E.

[BOX(indent)[
N[SMALLCAPS[OTE]]―Local mean time of the Madras Ob-
servatory is practically used as standard time 
for India and Ceylon, being  telegraphed daily
all over the country; but for strictly local use it 
is generally converted into local mean time. 
It is proposed soon to adopt the standard time 
meridian of 5[SUP[h]] 30[SUP[m]] 0[SUP[s]] east from Greenwich for
India and Ceylon and the standard time meri-
dian of 6[SUP[h]] 30[SUP[m]] 0[SUP[s]] east from Greenwich for Burma. 
]BOX]

Jamaica (Kingston)
[TZ[-05:07:10.7]]
B.

Mauritius (Royal Alfred Observatory)
[TZ[+03:50:12.6]]
A. E.

Newfoundland (St. Johns)
[TZ[-03:30:43.6]]
B.

[BOX(indent)[
N[SMALLCAPS[OTE]].―Local mean time of St. Johns is
practically used as standard time for the entire
island.
]BOX]

Trinidad (Port of Spain)
[TZ[-04:06:02.5]]
C. T.

]BOX]
:st: 
[BOX[
[[Ireland]]
[[Dublin]]
[TZ[-00:25:21.1]]

[[England]] and [[Scotland]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[+00:00:00]]

[[Cape Colony]], [[Transvaal]], [[Orange River Colony]], [[Rhodesia]], [[Natal]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[+02:00:00]]

[[India]] and [[Ceylon]]
[[Madras]]
[TZ[+05:20:59.1]]

[[Straits Settlements]]
[[Singapore]]
[TZ[+06:55:25]]

[[Hongkong]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[+08:00:00]]

[[West Australia]], [[British North Borneo]], [[Labuan]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[+08:00:00]]

[[South Australia]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[+09:30:00]]

[[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[Tasmania]], [[Victoria]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[+10:00:00]]

[[New Zealand]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[+11:30:00]]

[[Newfoundland]]
[[St. Johns]]
[TZ[-03:30:43.6]]

[[Nova Scotia]] and [[Prince Edward Island]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[-04:00:00]]

[[New Brunswick]], [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[-05:00:00]]

[[Keewatin]], [[Manitoba]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[-06:00:00]]

[[Alberta]], [[Assiniboia]], [[Athabasca]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[-07:00:00]]

[[British Columbia]]
[[Greenwich]]
[TZ[-08:00:00]]

]BOX]

:c: [[Australia]]
:conv:
[BOX[
western
[TZ[+08:00:00]]

central
[TZ[+09:30:00]]

eastern
[TZ[+10:00:00]]
]BOX]

:c: [[Borneo]] (British North) and [[Labuan]]
:conv: [TZ[+08:00:00]]

:c: [[British Columbia]]
:conv: [TZ[-08:00:00]]

:c: [[Canada]]
:conv:
[BOX[
eastern
[TZ[-05:00:00]]

central
[TZ[-06:00:00]]
]BOX]

:c: [[England]]
:conv: [TZ[+00:00:00]]

:c: [[Fiji Islands]] ([[Suva]])
:conv:
[TZ[+11:53:44]]

:c: [[Gibraltar]]
:conv: [TZ[+00:00:00]]

:c: [[Hongkong]]
:conv: [TZ[+08:00:00]]

:c: [[India]]
:conv: 
[BOX[
[[Madras]]
[TZ[+05:20:59]]

It may be added that England proposes to adopt for India and Ceylon the time
meridian of 10[SUP[h]] 30[SUP[m]] 0[SUP[s]] later than Washington (5[SUP[h]] 30[SUP[m]] 0[SUP[s]] later than Greenwich), and
for Burma 11[SUP[h]] 30[SUP[m]] 0[SUP[s]] later than Washington (6[SUP[h]] 30[SUP[m]] 0[SUP[s]] later than Greenwich), thus
adding that vast region to the long list of countries that use standard time based
upon the meridian of Greenwich.
]BOX]

:c: [[Ireland]]
:conv: [TZ[-00:25:21]]

:c: [[Jamaica]] ([[Kingston]])
:conv: [TZ[-05:07:11]]

:c: [[Malta]]
:conv: [TZ[+01:00:00]]

:c: [[Mauritius]]
:conv: [TZ[+03:50:13]]

:c: [[Newfoundland]] ([[St. Johns]])
:conv: [TZ[-03:30:44]]

:c: [[New Zealand]]
:conv: [TZ[+11:30:00]]

:c: [[Nova Scotia]]
:conv: [TZ[-04:00:00]]

:c: [[Singapore]]
:conv: [TZ[+06:55:25]]

:c: [[South Africa]] (British)
:conv: [TZ[+02:00:00]]

:c: [[Chile]]
:conv: [TZ[-04:42:46]]
:t: [TZ[-04:42:46.1]]
:s:
The official railroad time is that of the meridian of 
Santiago furnished the central railway station in
that city by the Santiago Observatory.  This time
is telegraphed over the country daily at 7 a. m.
:a: A.E.

:c: [[Chile]] (except [[Valparaiso)
:stb: [[Santiago]]
:st: [TZ[-04:42:46.1]]

:t: [TZ[-04:46:34.1]]
:s:
The city of Valparaiso uses the local time furnished by 
the observatory at the Naval School located there. 
:a: C. T.

:c: [[China]]
:conv:
[BOX[
Shanghai
[TZ[+08:05:43]]

Saigon
[TZ[+07:06:49]]
]BOX]
:t: [TZ[+08:05:43.3]]
:a: C. T.
:s:
An observatory is maintained by the Jesuit mission at 
Zikawei near Shanghai, and a time-ball suspended 
from a mast on the French Bund in Shanghai is 
dropped electrically precisely at noon each day. This 
furnishes the local time at the port of Shanghai,
which is adopted by the railway and telegraph com-
panies represented there, as well as by the coastwise 
shipping. From Shanghai the time is telegraphed 
to other ports.  The cable companies represented in
Peking receive this time from Chefoo; the Imperial
China Telegraphs from the office of that company
at Tientsin.  The Imperial Railways of North 
China use the same time, taking it from the British 
gun at Tientsin and passing it on to the stations of 
the railway twice each day, at 8 a. m. and at 8 p. m. 
No information yet from the Peking-Hankau Railway.

:t: [TZ[+08:00:00]]
:s:
N[SMALLCAPS[OTE]].―Standard time is coming into use all 
along the east coast of China from Newchwang to 
Hongkong, and in the interior as far as Hankau.

:c: [[China]] (east coast)
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+08:00:00]]

:c: [[Colombia]]
:conv:
[TZ[-04:56:54]]
:t: [TZ[-04:56:54.2]]
:a: A. E.
:s:
At Bogotá the time used is that of the meridian of
Bogotá.  This time is taken every day at noon in 
the observatory, but there is no method employed
in correcting it daily by signal from acentral ob-
servatory.  Some few people, such as jewelers, go to
the observatory daily, but the great mass of business
men, railroad officials, etc., let their timepieces run
sometimes for weeks without correcting them, until
the inconveniences caused thereby compel them to
make the necessary corrections.  So far as com-
municating the time as corrected in Bogotá to other
parts of the country is concerned, this is rendered
impossible by the very poor telegraphic service, it
frequently taking 4 and 5 days to send messages a
distance of from 50 to 100 miles. 
:stb: [[Bogotá]]
:st: [TZ[-04:56:54.2]]

:c: [[Costa Rica]]
:conv: [TZ[-05:36:17]]
:t: [TZ[-05:36:16.9]]
:s:
The Government has established an observatory at
the capital, San José, in latitude 9° 56′ north, longi-
tude 84° 4′ 14″ west from Greenwich; altitude 3.800
feed above see level.  The Greenwich meridian is
used exclusively to regulate observatory time, which
is corrected by observation and reduced to mean
time.  This time is issued to public offices, railway
and telegraph offices, churches, and to all residents
whose occupations necessitate correct time. There
is no method employed to correct time by signal
from the observatory, the corrected time being taken
by applicants from the standard chronometer at the
observatory.
:stb: [[San José]]
:st: [TZ[-05:36:16.9]]

:c: [[Cuba]]
:conv: [TZ[-05:29:26]]
:t: [TZ[-05:29:26.0]]
:a: B.
:s:
The official time of the Republic is the civil mean time of 
the meridian of Habana and is used by the railroads 
and telegraph lines of the government.  The Cen-
tral Meteorological Station gives the time daily to 
the port and city of Habana as well as to all the 
telegraph offices of the Republic. 
:stb: [[Habana]]
:st: [TZ[-05:29:26.0]]

:c: [[Denmark]]
:conv: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:s:
[BOX[
“Standard time is fixed at one hour earlier than that
of Greenwich, corresponding to mean solar time of
the 15th degree of longitude east from Greenwich.”
In Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and the Danish West
Indies, local mean time is used.

Local mean time for the Danish West Indies gives

[BOX(indent)[
Curaçao
[T[-04:35:46.9]]
B.

St. Thomas
[TZ[-04:19:43.5]]
B.
]BOX]

Local mean time for Iceland gives for Reikiavik
[TZ[-01:27:40.0]]
B.

]BOX]
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+01:00:00]]

:c: [[Equador]]
:conv: [TZ[-05:14:07]]
:t: [TZ[-05:14:06.7]]
:a: A. E.
:s:
The official time is that of the meridian of Quito.  It
is corrected daily from the National Observatory of
Quito. 
:stb: [[Quito]]
:st: [TZ[-05:14:06.7]]

:c: [[Egypt]]
:conv: [TZ[+02:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+02:00:00]]
:s:
Standard time is that of the 30th degree of longitude
east from Greenwich, eastern European time, and is
therefore 2 hours fast of Greenwich or western Euro-
pean time.  It is sent out electrically by the stand-
ard clock of the observatory to the citadel at Cairo,
to Alexandria, Port Said, and Wady-Halfa. 
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+02:00:00]]

:c: [[France]]
:conv:
[TZ[+00:09:21]]
:t: [TZ[+00:09:20.9]]
:a: C. T.
:s:
[BOX[
Legal time in France, Algeria, and Tunis, is local 
mean time of the Paris Observatory.  Local mean 
time is considered as legal in other French colonies.

This gives the following results:

[BOX(indent)[

Cochin-China, Cambodia, and Anam (Saigon) 
[TZ[+07:06:48.2]]
C. T.

Corsica (Ajaccio)
[TZ[+00:34:57.3]]
B.

Guadaloupe (Basse-Terre)
[TZ[-04:06:56.6]]
C. T.

Madagascar (Tananarivo)
[TZ[+03:10:07.0]]
C. T.

Marquesas Islands (Port Resolution)
[TZ[-09:16.36.0]]
B.

Martinique (St. Pierre)
[TZ[-04:04:44.8]]
C. T.

Miquelon (St. Pierre)
[TZ[-03:44.42.5]]
C. T.

New Caledonia (Nouméa)
[TZ[+11:05:48.4]]
C. T.

Paumotu Archipelago (Pitcairn Island)
[TZ[-08:40:23.2]]
C. T.

Senegal (Port Dakar)
[TZ[-01:09:42.0]]
B.

Tongking (Hai-Phong)
[TZ[+07:06:39.5]]
C. T.

]BOX]

:c: [[France]], including [[Algeria]] and [[Tunis]]
:stb: [[Paris]]
:st: [TZ[+00:09:21.0]]

:c: Algeria
:conv: [TZ[+00:09:21]]

:c: [[Madagascar]] ([[Tananarivo]])
:conv: [TZ[+03:10:07]]

:c: [[Tunis]]
:conv: [TZ[+00:09:21]]

:c: German Em-
pire
:conv:
[[Germany]]
[TZ[+01:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:s:
[BOX[
Germany: The standard time is the mean solar time
of the meridian of longitude 15° east from Green-
wich.

Colonies: Mean solar time has been adopted for the
following:―

[BOX(indent)[

Kiaochau, based on the meridian of longitude
120° east from Greenwich.
[TZ[+08:00:00]]

Southwest Africa (German), based on the merid-
ian of longitude 15° east from Greenwich.
[TZ[+01:00:00]]

]BOX]

It is proposed to adopt standard time for the follow-
ing:

[BOX(indent)[

[FENCED[][ [LINES[Bismarck Archipelago,][Carolines,]] ][}]]
based on the meridian 
of longitude 150° east
from Greenwich.
[TZ[+10:00:00]]

East Africa (German), based on the meridian of
longitude 30° east or possibly 37°.5 east from
Greenwich.
[TZ[+02:00:00]]
[TZ[+02:30:00]]

Kamerun, based on the meridian 15° 
east from Greenwich.
[TZ[+01:00:00]]

[FENCED[][ [LINES[Mariane Islands,][New Guinea,]] ][}]]
based on the meridian of longi-
tude 150° east from Greenwich.
[TZ[+10:00:00]]

Samoa, based on the meridian of longitude 180°
east from Greenwich, but only after an under-
standing with the Government at Washington.
[TZ[+12:00:00]]

Toga, based on the meridian of Greenwich
[TZ[+00:00:00]]

]BOX]

]BOX]
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: 
[BOX[
[[Germany]]
[TZ[+01:00:00]]

[[Southwest Africa]] ([[German]])
[TZ[+01:00:00]]

[[Kiaochau]]
[TZ[+08:00:00]]
]BOX]

:c: [[Kiaochau]]
:conv: [TZ[+08:00:00]]

:c: [[Greece]]
:conv:
[TZ[+01:34:53]]
:t: [TZ[+01:34:52.9]]
:a: A. E.
:s:
By royal decree of September 14, 1895, the time in 
common use is that of the mean time of Athens, 
which is transmitted every day from the the observa-
tory by telegraph to the towns of the Kingdom. 
:stb: [[Athens]]
:st: [TZ[+01:34:52.9]]

:c: [[Holland]]
:conv: [TZ[+00:00:00]]
:s:
The local time of Amsterdam is generally used, but 
Greenwich time is used by the post and telegraph 
administration and the railways and other transpor-
tation companies. The observatory at Leyden com-
municates the time twice a week to Amsterdam, 
The Hague, Rotterdam and other cities, and the 
telegraph bureau at Amsterdam signals the time to
all the other telegraph bureaus every morning. 
[TZ[+00:19:32.3]]
B.
[TZ[+00:00:00]]
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: 
[BOX[
[TZ[+00:00:00]]

[[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]]
[TZ[+01:00:00]]
]BOX]

:t: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:s:
In the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg central Euro-
pean time is the legal and uniform time.

:s:
[BOX[
Local mean time for the colonies gives―

[BOX(indent)[
Java (Batavia)
[TZ[+07:07:13.7]]
B.

Sumatra (Padang)
[TZ[+06:41:20.9]]
B.
]BOX]

]BOX]

:c: [[Java]]
:conv: [TZ[+07:07:14]]

:c: [[Honduras]]
:conv: [TZ[-06:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[-06:00:00]]
:s:
“In Honduras the half hour nearest to the meridian 
of Tegucigalpa, longitude 87° 12' west from Green-
wich, is generally used.  Said hour is frequently 
determined at the National Institute by means of a 
solar chronometer and communicated by telephone 
to the Industrial School, where in turn it is indi-
cated to the public by a steam whistle. The central 
telegraph office communicates it to tho various sub-
offices of the Republic, whose clocks generally serve
as a basis for the time of the villages, and in this 
manner an approximately uniform time is estab-
lished throughout the Republic.”
Belize.  See British Empire.
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[-06:00:00]]

:c: [[Italy]]
:conv: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:s:
Mean solar time of the meridian 15° east 
from Greenwich is the standard time adopted by 
royal decree of August 10, 1893, for the Kingdom
of Italy.  This time is kept in all government 
establishments, offices, dockyards, and it to be used
by all ships of the Italian Navy in the ports of or
doing duty on the coast of Italy.  All railroads, 
post and telegraph offices, and Italian coasting 
steamers, are to use this time and regulate their
business and time-tables in accordance therewith.
The hours are run from midnight to midnight―that is
to say, in Italy 1 p. m. is 13 hours, 5 p. m. is 17
hours, etc.
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+01:00:00]]

:c: [[Japan]]
:conv: [TZ[+09:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+09:00:00]]
:s:
Imperial ordinance No. 51, of 1886: The meridian that 
passes through the observatory at Greenwich, Eng-
land, shall be the zero (0) meridian. Longitude 
shall be counted from the above meridian east and 
west up to 180 degrees, the east being positive and 
the west negative.  From January 1, 1888, the time 
of the 135th degree east longitude shall be the stand-
ard time of Japan.
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: 
[BOX[
[TZ[+09:00:00]]

[[Formosa]], [[Pescadores]], etc
[TZ[+08:00:00]]
]BOX]

:s:
Imperial ordinance No. 167, of 1895: The standard 
time hitherto used in Japan shall henceforth be 
called Central Standard Time. The time of the 120th 
degree east longitude shall be the standard time of 
Formosa, the Pescadores, the Yaeyama, and the 
Miyako groups, and shall be called western stand-
ard time. This ordinance shall take effect from 
the 1st of January, 1896.
[TZ[+09:00:00]]
[TZ[+08:00:00]]

:c: [[Korea]]
:conv: [TZ[+09:00:00]]
:s:
Tokyo time, 135° east from Greenwich, is telegraphed
daily to the Imperial Japanese Post and Telegraph 
Office at Seoul.  Before December 1, 1904, this was 
corrected by subtracting 30 minutes, which nearly 
represents the difference in longitude, and was then 
used by the railroads, street railways, and post and 
telegraph offices, and most of the better classes. 
Since December 1, 1904, the Japanese post-offices 
and railways in Korea have begun to use Tokyo
time.  In the country districts the people use sun
dials to some extent. 
[TZ[+08:30:00]]
[TZ[+09:00:00]]
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+09:00:00]]

:c: [[Mexico]]
:conv: [TZ[-06:36:27]]
:t: [TZ[-06:36:26.7]]
:a: A. E.
:s: 
The National Astronomical Observatory of Tacubaya 
regulates a clock twice a day which marks the 
local mean time of the City of Mexico, 6[SUP[h]] 36[SUP[m]] 26[SUP[s]].7
west from Greenwich, and a signal is raised twice 
a week at noon upon the roof of the national palace, 
such signal being used to regulate the city's public 
clocks.  This signal, the clock at the central tele-
graph office, and the public clock on the cathedral, 
serve as a basis for the time used commonly by the 
people.  The general telegraph office transmits this 
time daily to all of its branch offices.  Not every 
city in the country uses this time, however, since a 
local time, very imperfectly determined, is more 
commonly observed.
The following railroad companies use standard City of 
Mexico time corrected daily by telegraph: Cen-
tral, Hidalgo, Xico and San Rafael, National and 
Mexican.  The Central and National railroads 
correct their clocks to City of Mexico time daily 
by means of the noon signal sent out from the 
Naval Observatory at Washington, and by a similar 
signal from the observatory at St. Louis, Mo.
:stb: [[City of Mexico]]
:st: [TZ[-06:36:26.7]]

:c: [[Nicaragua]]
:conv: [TZ[-05:45:10]]
:t: [TZ[-05:45:10.0]]
:s:
Managua time is issued to all public offices, railways, 
telegraph offices, and churches, in a zone that ex-
tends from San Juan del Sur, latitude 11° 15' 44" 
north, to El Ocotal, latitude 12° 46' north, and from 
El Castillo, longitude 84° 22' 37" west from Green-
wich, to Corinto, longitude 87° 12' 31" west from
Greenwich.  The time of the Atlantic ports is 
usually obtained from the captains of ships. 
:stb: [[Managua]]
:st: [TZ[-05:45:10.0]]

:c: [[Norway]]
:conv: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:s:
Central European time, longitude 15° east from Green-
wich, is the standard and, as far as known, is used 
everywhere in the country.  Telegraphic time sig-
nals are sent out once a week to the telegraph sta-
tions throughout the country from the observatory 
of the Christiania University. 
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+01:00:00]]

:c: [[Panama]]
:conv: 
[[Colon]] [TZ[-05:19:39]]
:t: [TZ[-05:19:39.0]]
:a: B.
:s:
The railroad company uses the local mean time of
Colon, 5[SUP[h]] 19[SUP[m]] 39[SUP[s]] west from Greenwich.  The time
is obtained from chronometers of the company's
New York steamers.  The Central and South Ameri-
can Cable Co. now cables 75th meridian time, 5[SUP[h]] west
from Greenwich, daily from Washington, and this
will probably be adopted as the standard.
[TZ[-05:00:00]]
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[-05:00:00]]

:c: [[Peru]]
:conv: [TZ[-05:09:03]]
:t: [TZ[-05:09:03.0]]
:a: B.
:s:
There is no official time. The railroad from Callao to 
Oroya takes its time by telegraph from the noon 
signal at the naval school at Callao, which may be 
said to be the standard time for Callao, Lima, and 
the whole of Central Peru.  The railroad from Mol-
lendo to Lake Titicaca, in southern Peru, takes its 
time from ships in the Bay of Mollendo. 
:stb: [[Calla0]]
:st: [TZ[-05:09:03.0]]

:c: [[Portugal]]
:conv: [TZ[-00:36:20]]
:t: [TZ[-00:36:20.5]]
:s:
Standard time is in use throughout Portugal, and is 
based upon the meridian of Lisbon (9° 5′ 7″).  It 
is established by the Naval Observatory in the 
Royal Gardens at Lisbon, and from there sent 
by telegraph to every railway station through-
out Portugal having telegraphic communication. 
Clocks on railway station platforms are 5 minutes 
behind, while clocks outside of stations are 2 min-
utes ahead of standard time. 
:stb: [[Lisbon]]
:st: [TZ[-00:36:20.5]]

:c: [[Russia]]
:conv:
[BOX[
[[Pulkowa]]
[TZ[+02:01:19]]

[[Irkutsk]]
[TZ[+06:57:05]]

[[Vladivostok]]
[TZ[+08:47:31]]
]BOX]
:t: [TZ[+02:01:18.6]]
:a: A. E.
:s:
[BOX[
All telegraph stations use the time of Pulkowa (St.
Petersburg).  At railroad stations both local and 
Pulkowa time are given, from which it is to be in-
ferred that for all local purposes local time is used. 
Local mean time gives for―

[BOX(indent)[
Nicolaeff
[TZ[+02:07:53.8]]
A. E.

Riga
[TZ[+01:36:28.2]]
A. E.

Irukutsk
[TZ[+05:57:04.7]]
C. T.

Vladivostok
[TZ[+08:47:30.9]]
C. T.
]BOX]

]BOX]

:c: [[Russia]] (western)
:stb: [[Pulkowa]]
:st: [TZ[+02:01:18.6]]

:c: [[Salvador]]
:conv: [TZ[-05:56:32]]
:t: [TZ[-05:56:32.0]]
:s:
The Government has established a national observa-
tory at San Salvador which issues time on Wednes-
days and Saturdays, at noon, to all public offices, 
telegraph offices, railways, etc., throughout the Re-
public. 
:stb: [[San Salvador]]
:st: [TZ[-05:56:32.0]]

:c: Santo Do-
mingo
:t: [TZ[-04:39:32.0]]
:a: C. T.
:s:
Local mean time is used, but there is no central ob-
servatory and no means of correcting the time. 
The time differs from that of the naval vessels in these
waters by about 30 minutes. 
Local mean time gives, for Santo Domingo City......

:c: [[Servia]]
:conv: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:a: C. T.
:s:
Central European time, longitude 15° east from Green-
wich, is used by the railroad, telegraph companies, 
and people generally.  Clocks are regulated by 
telegraph from Budapest every day at noon. 
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+01:00:00]]

:c: [[Spain]]
:conv: [TZ[+00:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+00:00:00]]
:s: 
Official time is the mean time of the meridian of 
Greenwich, obtained from the Madrid Observatory.
It is used by railroad and telegraph companies
and the people of Madrid and provinces generally,
in some of which, however, local time is still used
for private matters.
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+00:00:00]]

:c: [[Sweden]]
:conv: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:s:
Central European time, 15° east from Greenwich, is
the standard.  It is sent out every week by tele-
graph from the Stockholm Observatory. 
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+01:00:00]]

:c: [[Switzerland]]
:conv: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+01:00:00]]
:s:
Central European time is at present the only legal 
time.  It is sent out daily by telegraph from the 
Cantonal Observatory at Neuchâtel. 
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+01:00:00]]

:c: [[Turkey]]
:conv: [TZ[+02:00:00]]
:t: [TZ[+02:00:00]]
:s:
Two kinds of time are used, i. e., Turkish and east-
ern European time, the former for the natives and 
the latter for Europeans.  The railroads generally 
use both, the latter for the actual running of trains 
and Turkish time-tables for the benefit of the na-
tives.  Standard Turkish time is used generally by 
the people, sunset being the base and twelve hours be-
ing added for a theoretical sunrise.  The official 
clocks are set daily so as to read 12 o'clock at the
theoretical sunrise, but the tower clocks are set only 
two or three times a week.  The government tele-
graph lines use Turkish time throughout the Em-
pire and St. Sophia time, 1[SUP[h]] 47[SUP[m]] 32[SUP[s]] ahead of Paris,
for telegrams sent out of the country. 
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: [TZ[+02:00:00]]

:c: United States
:s:
[BOX[
Standard time based upon the meridian of Greenwich is 
universally used and is sent out daily by telegraph 
to most of the country and to Habana and Panama 
from the Naval Observatory at Washington; and 
to the Pacific coast, from the observatory at Mare 
Island Navy-Yard, California.  Standard times used
are as follows:

[BOX(indent)[
Porto Rico, Atlantic standard time meridian of
longitude 60° west from Greenwich.
[TZ[-04:00:00]]

Atlantic coast and Panama Canal Zone, eastern
standard time, meridian of longitude 75° west
from Greenwich.
[TZ[-05:00:00]]

Mississippi Valley, central standard time, merid-
ian of longitude 90° west from Greenwich.
[TZ[-06:00:00]]

Rocky Mountain Region, mountain standard
time, meridian of longitude 105° west from
Greenwich.
[TZ[-07:00:00]]

Pacific coast, Pacific standard time, meridian of
longitude 120° west from Greenwich.
[TZ[-08:00:00]]

Sitka, Alaska standard time, meridian of longi-
tude 135° west from Greenwich.
[TZ[-09:00:00]]

Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiian standard time, merid0
ian of longitude 157°.5 west from Greenwich.
[TZ[-10:30:00]]

Tutuila, Samoa, Samoan standard time, meridian
of longitude 172°.5 east from Greenwich.
[TZ[-11:30:00]]

Guam, Guam standard time, meridian of longi-
tude 142°.5 east from Greenwich.
[TZ[+09:30:00]]

Philippine Islands, Philippine standard time,
meridian of longitude 120° east from Greenwich.
[TZ[+08:00:00]]

]BOX]

]BOX]
:conv:
[BOX[
From Maine to South Carolina
[TZ[-05:00:00]]

From Dakota and Michigan to Texas and Florida
[TZ[-06:00:00]]

From Montana to Arizona and New Mexico
[TZ[-07:00:00]]

Pacific Coast States and Nevada
[TZ[-08:00:00]]

Sitka, Alaska
[TZ[-09:00:00]]

Hawaiian Islands
[TZ[-10:30:00]]

Tutuila, Samoa
[TZ[-11:30:00]]

Guam
[TZ[+09:30:00]]

Philippine Islands
[TZ[+08:00:00]]

Porto Rico
[TZ[-04:00:00]]

Panama Canal Zone
[TZ[-05:00:00]]

]BOX]
:stb: [[Greenwich]]
:st: 
[BOX[
Eastern standard time
[TZ[-05:00:00]]

Central standard time
[TZ[-06:00:00]]

Mountain standard time
[TZ[-07:00:00]]

Pacific standard time
[TZ[-08:00:00]]

Alaska standard time
[TZ[-09:00:00]]

Hawaiian standard time
[TZ[-10:30:00]]

Samoan standard time
[TZ[-11:30:00]]

Porto Rico standard time
[TZ[-04:00:00]]

Philippine standard time
[TZ[+08:00:00]]

Guam standard time
[TZ[+09:30:00]]

]BOX]

:c: [[Uruguay]]
:conv: [TZ[-03:44:49]]
:t: [TZ[-03:44:48.9]]
:a: C. T.
:s:
The time in common use for railways, telegraph com-
panies, and the public in general, is the mean time of the 
meridian of the dome of the Metropolitan Church of 
Montevideo.  The correct time is indicated by a strik-
ing clock in the tower of that church.  An astro-
nomical geodetic observatory, with meridian tele-
scope and chronometers, has now been established 
and will in the future furnish the time   It is pro-
posed to install a time-ball for the benefit of naviga-
tors at the port of Montevideo.  An electric time 
service will be extended throughout the country, 
using at first the meridian of the church and after-
wards that of the national observatory, when con-
structed. 
:stb: [[Montevideo]]
:st: [TZ[-03:44:48.9]]

:c: [[Venezuela]]
:conv: [TZ[-04:27:44]]
:t: [TZ[-04:27:43.6]]
:a: C. T.
:s:
The time is computed daily at the Caracas Observa-
tory, longitude 66° 55′ 53.6″ west from Greenwich,
from observations of the sun and is occasionally tele- 
graphed to other parts of Venezuela.  The cathe-
dral clock at Caracas is corrected by means of these 
observations.  Railway time is at least 5 minutes 
later than that indicated by the cathedral clock, 
which is accepted as standard by the entire people. 
Some people take time from the observatory flag, 
which always falls at noon. 
:stb: [[Caracas]]
:st: [TZ[-04:27:43.6]]

]FIG]

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