<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head></head><body><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="23" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[23]</anchor-end> <dfn><ruby>Unix<rt>ユニックス</rt></ruby> <ruby>time<rt>タイム</rt></ruby></dfn> は、 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix</anchor> 系システムを中心に多くの<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">計算機システム</anchor>で用いられている<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時の内部表現形式<title xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">日時データ型</title></anchor> (<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">整数時刻系</anchor>) です。
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">計算機システム</anchor>用の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">時刻系</anchor>としては最も著名なものです。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="79" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[79]</anchor-end> 
現在では<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">キリスト紀元</anchor> (<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">西暦年</anchor>) や<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">グレゴリオ暦</anchor>を遥かに凌ぐ、
世界で最もよく用いられている<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時形式</anchor>と考えられます。</p><section><h1>Unix time</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="25" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[25]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> は、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">時刻</anchor>の表現の方法の1つです。 <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix epoch</anchor>
から経過した<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>単位の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">時間</anchor>を<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">数</anchor>として表したものです。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="124" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[124]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> には安定した呼称がなく、
ほかに
<dfn>POSIX time</dfn>,
<code>time_t</code>,
<dfn>epoch秒</dfn>,
<dfn>epoch time</dfn>,
<dfn>epoch</dfn>,
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix epoch</anchor>
などとも呼ばれます。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="131" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[131]</anchor-end> 
通常は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>を<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">単位</anchor>とした<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">数値</anchor>ですが、 <n xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">10<sup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">n</sup></n> 倍した<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒Unix time</anchor>
や<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒Unix time</anchor>があります。</p></section><section><h1>元期 Unix epoch</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="109" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[109]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">元期</anchor>
(<dfn>Unix epoch</dfn>、<dfn>The Epoch</dfn>)
は、
<time>西暦1970年1月1日0時0分0秒 (UTC)<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">unix:0</attrvalue></time> 
です。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="134" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[134]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">UTC</anchor> のかわりに <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">TAI</anchor> を採用したものについては <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">TAI64</anchor> を参照。</p></section><section><h1>データ型</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="95" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[95]</anchor-end> いわゆる <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> は、いろいろな方法で表現されます。表現方法によって、
記述可能な<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">値域</anchor> (最古の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時</anchor>から最大の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時</anchor>までの<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">範囲</anchor>)
や粒度 (<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒</anchor>等の時間的解像度)
が変わります。
具体的には言語・プロトコルの章を参照。</p><section><h1>32ビット整数</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="153" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[153]</anchor-end> 
伝統的には<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">32ビット整数</anchor>の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>数が採用されてきました。</p></section><section><h1>64ビット整数</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="147" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[147]</anchor-end> 
<time>令和20(2038)年<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">2038</attrvalue></time>に迫った<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">西暦2038年問題</anchor>への対策として、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">64ビット符号<em xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">付き</em>整数</anchor>の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>数を採用することが多いです。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="146" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[146]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">64ビット符号<em xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">無し</em>整数</anchor>の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>数が採用されることがあります。
<src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="145" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;145</anchor-internal></src></p></section><section><h1>負</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="7" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[7]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">負</anchor>の値 (<time>西暦1969年<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">1969</attrvalue></time>以前) は、環境や文脈によっては扱えないことがあります。
最近は多くの環境が<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">負</anchor>の値も扱えるようになっているようです。</p></section><section><h1>秒未満</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="37" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[37]</anchor-end> <code>time_t</code> は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">整数</anchor>とするのが普通ですが、
それ以外では拡張して<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒未満</anchor>も含めた<dfn>小数のUnix time</dfn>
を使うことがよくあります。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="93" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[93]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">精度</anchor>・記述能力は、実際にその <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> の値を表現する<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">データ型</anchor>や構文に依存します。</p><example xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="94" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[94]</anchor-end> 
例えば<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">浮動小数点数</anchor>を使う場合は、その<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">データ型</anchor>で記述可能な桁数までを表現できます。</p></example></section><section><h1>値域の比較</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="165" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[165]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">整数型</anchor>による主要な <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> の利用形態の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">値域</anchor>は次の通りです。</p><ul><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="155" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[155]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">32ビット符号付き整数</anchor> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>単位<ul><li>最小値 : <code>1901-12-13T20:45:52Z</code> <time>1901-12-13T20:45:52Z</time></li><li>最大値 : <code>2038-01-19T03:14:07Z</code> <time>2038-01-19T03:14:07Z</time></li></ul></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="156" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[156]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">32ビット符号無し整数</anchor> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>単位<ul><li>最小値 : <code>1970-01-01T00:00:00Z</code> <time>1970-01-01T00:00:00Z</time></li><li>最大値 : <code>2106-02-07T06:28:15Z</code> <time>2106-02-07T06:28:15Z</time></li></ul></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="158" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[158]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">64ビット符号付き整数</anchor> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>単位<ul><li>最小値 : <code>−292277022657-01-27T08:29:52Z</code> <time>−292277022657-01-27T08:29:52Z</time></li><li>最大値 : <code>+292277026596-12-04T15:30:07Z</code> <time>292277026596-12-04T15:30:07Z</time></li></ul></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="162" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[162]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">64ビット符号無し整数</anchor> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>単位<ul><li>最小値 : <code>+000000001970-01-01T00:00:00Z</code> <time>1970-01-01T00:00:00Z</time></li><li>最大値 : <code>+584554051223-11-09T07:00:15Z</code> <time>584554051223-11-09T07:00:15Z</time></li></ul></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="163" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[163]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">64ビット符号付き整数</anchor> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒</anchor>単位<ul><li>最小値 : <code>-292275055-05-16T16:47:04.192Z</code> <time>-292275055-05-16T16:47:04.192Z</time></li><li>最大値 : <code>+292278994-08-17T07:12:55.807Z</code> <time>292278994-08-17T07:12:55.807Z</time></li></ul></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="164" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[164]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">64ビット符号付き整数</anchor> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒</anchor>単位<ul><li>最小値 : <code>1677-09-21T00:12:43.145224192Z</code> <time>1677-09-21T00:12:43.145224192Z</time></li><li>最大値 : <code>2262-04-11T23:47:16.854775807Z</code> <time>2262-04-11T23:47:16.854775807Z</time></li></ul></li></ul><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="166" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[166]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Web</anchor> 上の解説等はよくみると微妙に値が違っていることもあって注意が必要です。
「何秒以後は桁溢れ (オーバーフロー) する」のような書き方だと最大値より1秒先になることにも要注意です。
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒</anchor>単位の境界値は特に乱れが多いようです。
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">応用</anchor>依存の独自の制約が加わっているらしいものもあれば、
理由がわからずただの誤記らしきものも見られます。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="169" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[169]</anchor-end> 
正確を期すため <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ChatGPT</anchor> に<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒</anchor>単位と<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒</anchor>単位の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">64ビット符号付き整数</anchor>の最大値と最小値を求めるプログラムを書かせましたので、
ここに置いておきます。 <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="167" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;167</anchor-internal>, <anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="168" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;168</anchor-internal></src></p><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><figure xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="167" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[167]</anchor-end> </figcaption><blockquote><pre>docker run --rm python:3 sh -c 'python3 - &lt;&lt;EOF
def civil_from_days(z):
    z += 719468
    era = z // 146097
    doe = z - era * 146097
    yoe = (doe - doe//1460 + doe//36524 - doe//146096) // 365
    y = yoe + era * 400
    doy = doe - (365*yoe + yoe//4 - yoe//100)
    mp = (5*doy + 2)//153
    d = doy - (153*mp + 2)//5 + 1
    m = mp + 3 if mp &lt; 10 else mp - 9
    y += 1 if m &lt;= 2 else 0
    return y, m, d

def ns_to_datetime(ns):
    sec = ns // 1_000_000_000
    nsec = ns - sec * 1_000_000_000
    if nsec &lt; 0:
        sec -= 1
        nsec += 1_000_000_000
    days = sec // 86400
    sod = sec - days * 86400
    if sod &lt; 0:
        days -= 1
        sod += 86400
    y,m,d = civil_from_days(days)
    h = sod // 3600
    m2 = (sod % 3600) // 60
    s = sod % 60
    return f&quot;{y:+d}-{m:02d}-{d:02d} {h:02d}:{m2:02d}:{s:02d}.{nsec:09d} UTC&quot;

MIN = -(1&lt;&lt;63)
MAX = (1&lt;&lt;63) - 1

print(&quot;min:&quot;, ns_to_datetime(MIN))
print(&quot;max:&quot;, ns_to_datetime(MAX))
EOF'</pre></blockquote></figure><figure xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="168" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[168]</anchor-end> </figcaption><blockquote><pre>docker run --rm python:3 sh -c 'python3 - &lt;&lt;EOF
def civil_from_days(z):
    z += 719468
    era = z // 146097
    doe = z - era * 146097
    yoe = (doe - doe//1460 + doe//36524 - doe//146096) // 365
    y = yoe + era * 400
    doy = doe - (365*yoe + yoe//4 - yoe//100)
    mp = (5*doy + 2)//153
    d = doy - (153*mp + 2)//5 + 1
    m = mp + 3 if mp &lt; 10 else mp - 9
    y += 1 if m &lt;= 2 else 0
    return y, m, d

def ms_to_datetime(ms):
    sec = ms // 1000
    msec = ms - sec * 1000
    if msec &lt; 0:
        sec -= 1
        msec += 1000
    days = sec // 86400
    sod = sec - days * 86400
    if sod &lt; 0:
        days -= 1
        sod += 86400
    y,m,d = civil_from_days(days)
    h = sod // 3600
    mi = (sod % 3600) // 60
    s = sod % 60
    return f&quot;{y:+d}-{m:02d}-{d:02d} {h:02d}:{mi:02d}:{s:02d}.{msec:03d} UTC&quot;

MIN = -(1&lt;&lt;63)
MAX = (1&lt;&lt;63) - 1

print(&quot;min:&quot;, ms_to_datetime(MIN))
print(&quot;max:&quot;, ms_to_datetime(MAX))
EOF'</pre></blockquote></figure></refs><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="170" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[170]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">浮動小数点数</anchor>を使うと非常に広い範囲の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">時刻</anchor>を扱えますが、
<n xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">0</n> から余りに離れすぎると<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">数</anchor>の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">刻みの粒度<title xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">ULP</title></anchor>が広がり、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>の精度が正確に記述できなくなります。
そこで<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>や<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒</anchor>が正確に記述できる範囲を求めると、次のようになります。</p><ul><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="171" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[171]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">倍精度浮動小数点</anchor> (<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">double</anchor> = 64ビット) <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>単位で正確に表現<ul><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="172" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[172]</anchor-end> 最小値 : <code>-285424812-02-20T16:23:28Z</code> <time>-285424812-02-20T16:23:28Z</time></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="173" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[173]</anchor-end> 最大値 : <code>+285428751-11-12T07:36:32Z</code> <time>+285428751-11-12T07:36:32Z</time></li></ul></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="174" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[174]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">倍精度浮動小数点</anchor> (<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">double</anchor> = 64ビット) <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒</anchor>単位で正確に表現<ul><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="175" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[175]</anchor-end> 最小値 : <code>-283457-03-21T15:00:59.008Z</code> <time>-283457-03-21T15:00:59.008Z</time> </li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="176" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[176]</anchor-end> 最大値 : <code>+287396-10-12T08:59:00.992Z</code> <time>+287396-10-12T08:59:00.992Z</time></li></ul></li></ul><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="177" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[177]</anchor-end> 
正確を期すため <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ChatGPT</anchor> にこれらを求めるプログラムを書かせましたので、
ここに置いておきます。 <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="178" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;178</anchor-internal>, <anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="179" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;179</anchor-internal></src></p><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><figure xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="178" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[178]</anchor-end> </figcaption><blockquote><pre>docker run --rm python:3 sh -c 'python3 - &lt;&lt;EOF
def civil_from_days(z):
    z += 719468
    era = z // 146097
    doe = z - era * 146097
    yoe = (doe - doe//1460 + doe//36524 - doe//146096) // 365
    y = yoe + era * 400
    doy = doe - (365*yoe + yoe//4 - yoe//100)
    mp = (5*doy + 2)//153
    d = doy - (153*mp + 2)//5 + 1
    m = mp + 3 if mp &lt; 10 else mp - 9
    y += 1 if m &lt;= 2 else 0
    return y,m,d

def sec_to_dt(sec):
    days = sec // 86400
    sod = sec - days*86400
    if sod &lt; 0:
        days -= 1
        sod += 86400
    y,m,d = civil_from_days(days)
    h = sod//3600
    mi = (sod%3600)//60
    s = sod%60
    return f&quot;{y:+d}-{m:02d}-{d:02d} {h:02d}:{mi:02d}:{s:02d} UTC&quot;

MIN = -(1&lt;&lt;53)
MAX = (1&lt;&lt;53)

print(&quot;min:&quot;, sec_to_dt(MIN))
print(&quot;max:&quot;, sec_to_dt(MAX))
EOF'</pre></blockquote></figure><figure xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="179" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[179]</anchor-end> </figcaption><blockquote><pre>docker run --rm python:3 sh -c 'python3 - &lt;&lt;EOF
def civil_from_days(z):
    z += 719468
    era = z // 146097
    doe = z - era * 146097
    yoe = (doe - doe//1460 + doe//36524 - doe//146096) // 365
    y = yoe + era * 400
    doy = doe - (365*yoe + yoe//4 - yoe//100)
    mp = (5*doy + 2)//153
    d = doy - (153*mp + 2)//5 + 1
    m = mp + 3 if mp &lt; 10 else mp - 9
    y += 1 if m &lt;= 2 else 0
    return y,m,d

def ms_to_dt(ms):
    sec = ms // 1000
    msec = ms - sec*1000
    if msec &lt; 0:
        sec -= 1
        msec += 1000
    days = sec // 86400
    sod = sec - days*86400
    if sod &lt; 0:
        days -= 1
        sod += 86400
    y,m,d = civil_from_days(days)
    h = sod//3600
    mi = (sod%3600)//60
    s = sod%60
    return f&quot;{y:+d}-{m:02d}-{d:02d} {h:02d}:{mi:02d}:{s:02d}.{msec:03d} UTC&quot;

MIN = -(1&lt;&lt;53)
MAX = (1&lt;&lt;53)

print(&quot;min:&quot;, ms_to_dt(MIN))
print(&quot;max:&quot;, ms_to_dt(MAX))
EOF'</pre></blockquote></figure></refs><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="180" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[180]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">double</anchor> は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">マイクロ秒</anchor>単位まで耐えられますが、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒</anchor>単位となるとまったく実用的ではなくなります。
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">NTFSの日時形式</anchor>と同等の 100ns 単位ですら、
<time>西暦1941年<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">1941</attrvalue></time>から<time>西暦1998年<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">1998</attrvalue></time>までしか扱えません。
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ChatGPT</anchor> にプログラムを書かせて検証したものを示します <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="181" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;181</anchor-internal></src>。</p><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><figure xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="181" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[181]</anchor-end> </figcaption><blockquote><pre>docker run --rm python:3 sh -c 'python3 - &lt;&lt;EOF
def civil_from_days(z):
    z += 719468
    era = z // 146097
    doe = z - era * 146097
    yoe = (doe - doe//1460 + doe//36524 - doe//146096) // 365
    y = yoe + era * 400
    doy = doe - (365*yoe + yoe//4 - yoe//100)
    mp = (5*doy + 2)//153
    d = doy - (153*mp + 2)//5 + 1
    m = mp + 3 if mp &lt; 10 else mp - 9
    y += 1 if m &lt;= 2 else 0
    return y,m,d

def sec_to_dt(sec):
    days = sec // 86400
    sod = sec - days*86400
    if sod &lt; 0:
        days -= 1
        sod += 86400
    y,m,d = civil_from_days(days)
    h = sod//3600
    mi = (sod%3600)//60
    s = sod%60
    return f&quot;{y:+d}-{m:02d}-{d:02d} {h:02d}:{mi:02d}:{s:02d} UTC&quot;

MAX_SEC = (1&lt;&lt;53) / 1e7
MIN_SEC = -MAX_SEC

print(&quot;min:&quot;, sec_to_dt(int(MIN_SEC)))
print(&quot;max:&quot;, sec_to_dt(int(MAX_SEC)))
print(&quot;exact limit seconds:&quot;, MAX_SEC)
EOF'
min: +1941-06-17 00:01:15 UTC
max: +1998-07-17 23:58:45 UTC
exact limit seconds: 900719925.4740992</pre></blockquote></figure></refs></section><section><h1>特殊値</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="88" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[88]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> には様々な場面で使われていますが、使われる場面によっては、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時</anchor>を表す以外の値が割り当てられることがあります。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="72" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[72]</anchor-end> <code>mktime</code> や <code>time<title xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">time()</title></code> は算出不能時に値 <n xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">-1</n>
を返します。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="70" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[70]</anchor-end> <time>西暦1970年<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">year:1970</attrvalue></time>を扱う必要がない場合に、値 <n xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">0</n>
が「<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時</anchor>指定なし」など特別な意味を割り当てられることがあります。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="89" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[89]</anchor-end> 
当然のことながら、こうした特殊な値を使う場面と、
これらを使わずに<n xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">0</n>や負数を<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時</anchor>の表現として使う場面とで、
取扱いを誤ると混乱が生じます。</p></section></section><section><h1>Unix time 日時系</h1><section><h1>秒</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="99" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[99]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>は、 <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">UTC</anchor> の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>と考えられています。</p><comment-p xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="103" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[103]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">先発UTC</anchor>も参照。</comment-p></section><section><h1>閏秒</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="15" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[15]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> では<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">閏秒</anchor>は考えません。
<sw-see xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"> <anchor>閏秒のない時刻系</anchor> </sw-see></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="67" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[67]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">POSIX</anchor> は1<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日</anchor>の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>数を固定長としつつ、
実際の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">時刻</anchor>との対応は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">未定義</anchor>、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">実装定義</anchor>とし
<src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="10" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;10</anchor-internal></src>、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">閏秒</anchor>の処置は曖昧にしています。
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">実装</anchor>は <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">leap smear</anchor> などにより<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">閏秒</anchor>が存在しないものとして扱っています。</p><comment-p xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="38" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[38]</anchor-end> <code xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">tm</code> は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">閏秒</anchor>を表現できることになっていますが、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> で表現できないため有名無実となっています。</comment-p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="69" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[69]</anchor-end> <code>right/</code> のような <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix</anchor> システムで<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">閏秒</anchor>を扱う試みもありましたが、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> との整合性を維持できず失敗しました。</p></section><section><h1>時間帯</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="83" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[83]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> は <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">UTC</anchor> での <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix epoch</anchor> からの経過時間を表しています。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="84" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[84]</anchor-end> 
どこのどんな<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">地方時</anchor> (<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">標準時</anchor>、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">サマータイム</anchor>)
を使っていて、それが <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">UTC</anchor> どどれだけの<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">時差</anchor>があるのであっても、
その<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">時差情報<title xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">時差の記述</title></anchor>は <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor>
に含めることはできません。
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> はどの瞬間であるかだけを表します。</p><example xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="85" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[85]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor>
<time>123456789</time>
は、
<time>UTC の1973年11月29日21時33分9秒<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">1973-11-29T21:33:09Z</attrvalue></time>を表します。
すなわち
<time>日本時間の昭和48(1973)年11月30日6時33分9秒<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">1973-11-29T21:33:09Z</attrvalue></time>です。</p></example><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="86" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[86]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">時差</anchor>に意味がある場合は、 <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> とは別の方法で保持しなければなりません。</p></section></section><section><h1>各言語・プロトコルの Unix time</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="104" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[104]</anchor-end> 
非常に多くの<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">プラットフォーム</anchor> (<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">OS</anchor>、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">プログラミング言語</anchor>、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ライブラリー</anchor>、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">プロトコル</anchor>、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">アプリケーション</anchor>など)
が
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> を採用しています。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="105" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[105]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> という実質的に同じ<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時</anchor>の表現でありながらも、
各<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">プラットフォーム</anchor>ごとにいろいろな<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">データ型</anchor>や構文が採用されています。
定義の方法としても、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">POSIX</anchor>
の定義を参照するものもあれば、同等のものを独自に定義するものもあります。
厳密に定義するものもあれば、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">行間を読む</anchor>ことが期待される曖昧なものもあります。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="106" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[106]</anchor-end> 
呼称も様々です。</p><section><h1>C と POSIX</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="6" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[6]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">C言語</anchor>は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">データ型</anchor> (<code>typedef</code>) <dfn>time_t</dfn> を有しています <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="65" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;65</anchor-internal></src>。
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ISO C</anchor> はその値の精度や<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">値域</anchor>を定めていません <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="65" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;65</anchor-internal></src> が、
現在では<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">実質</anchor>すべての実装が <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">POSIX</anchor> の定める <dfn>Epoch<title xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">Unix Epoch</title></dfn> すなわち
<time>1970年1月1日0時0分0秒 UTC<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">1970-01-01T00:00:00Z</attrvalue></time> <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="18" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;18</anchor-internal></src> からの経過<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>数
(<dfn>Seconds Since the Epoch</dfn>) <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="10" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;10</anchor-internal></src> の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">整数</anchor>としています。
1970年未満については<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">未定義</anchor>としています <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="10" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;10</anchor-internal></src>。
伝統的には<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">32ビット符号なし整数</anchor>でしたが、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">2038年問題</anchor>があり<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">64ビット符号なし整数</anchor>への移行が進んでいます <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="66" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;66</anchor-internal></src>。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="68" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[68]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">C言語</anchor>は更に<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">構造体</anchor> <dfn><code>timespec</code></dfn>
を定めています。 <code>timespec</code> は
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">非負</anchor>の <code>time_t</code> の値を持つ <dfn><code>tv_sec</code></dfn> と、
[ <n xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">0</n>, <n xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">999999999</n> ] の <code>long</code> 値を持つ <dfn><code>tv_nsec</code></dfn>
の組で構成されます。<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒</anchor>精度の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">時刻</anchor>の表現に使われます。 <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="65" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;65</anchor-internal></src></p><p><sw-see xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"> これらを使う他の関数は <code xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">time.t</code> </sw-see></p><hr></hr><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="11" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[11]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Perlにおける日時</anchor>は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">プラットフォーム</anchor>依存ですが、
ほとんどすべての場合 <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> です。
場合によって<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">小数</anchor>の <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> も使われます。
<sw-see xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"> <anchor>Perlにおける日時</anchor> </sw-see></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="71" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[71]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Ruby</anchor> の <code>Time<title xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">Time (Ruby)</title></code> は <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor>
を使っています。<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">値域</anchor>は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">プラットフォーム</anchor>依存です。
<sw-see xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"> <code xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Time<title xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">Time (Ruby)</title></code> </sw-see></p><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><ul xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="65" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[65]</anchor-end> <cite>ISO/IEC 9899:yyyy - n2310.pdf</cite> (<time>2018-11-12 09:13:34 +09:00</time>) <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n2310.pdf#page=287">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n2310.pdf#page=287</anchor-external></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="18" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[18]</anchor-end> <cite>Definitions</cite>
( (<time>2014-05-13 04:24:34 +09:00</time> 版))
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap03.html#tag_03_150">http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap03.html#tag_03_150</anchor-external></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="10" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[10]</anchor-end> <cite>General Concepts</cite>
(<time>2016-04-26 12:24:41 +09:00</time> 版)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_15">http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_15</anchor-external><ul><li>移転: <cite>General Concepts</cite> (<time>2019-04-16 19:09:46 +09:00</time>) <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16">http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16</anchor-external></li></ul></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="66" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[66]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja-jp">time_t ‐ 通信用語の基礎知識</cite> (<time>2019-04-16 19:04:11 +09:00</time>) <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://www.wdic.org/w/TECH/time_t">https://www.wdic.org/w/TECH/time_t</anchor-external></li></ul></refs><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="74" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[74]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en"><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">RFC 2783</anchor> - Pulse-Per-Second API for UNIX-like Operating Systems, Version 1.0</cite>, <time>2021-04-11T13:49:49.000Z</time>, <time>2021-04-12T08:41:36.180Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2783#section-2">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2783#section-2</anchor-external></p><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="29" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[29]</anchor-end> <cite>perlvms - search.cpan.org</cite>
(<time>2017-02-13 00:40:55 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://search.cpan.org/dist/perl/pod/perlvms.pod#time">http://search.cpan.org/dist/perl/pod/perlvms.pod#time</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>The value returned by time is the offset in seconds from 01-JAN-1970 00:00:00 (just like the CRTL's times() routine), in order to make life easier for code coming in from the POSIX/Unix world.</p></blockquote></figure></section><section><h1>NFS </h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="114" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[114]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">NFS</anchor> の <dfn><code>timeval</code></dfn>, <dfn><code>nfstime3</code></dfn>
は、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> の <dfn><f xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><code xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">seconds</code></f></dfn>
と<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒</anchor>数の <dfn><f xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><code xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">useconds</code></f></dfn>
の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">構造体</anchor>です。
<src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="113" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;113</anchor-internal></src></p><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><ul xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="113" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[113]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en"><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">RFC 1094</anchor> - NFS: Network File System Protocol specification</cite>, <time>2021-01-31T15:59:44.000Z</time>, <time>2021-03-12T08:54:59.902Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1094#section-2.3.4">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1094#section-2.3.4</anchor-external></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="115" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[115]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en"><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">RFC 1813</anchor> - NFS Version 3 Protocol Specification</cite>, <time>2021-01-31T15:58:26.000Z</time>, <time>2021-03-12T09:00:10.197Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1813#page-21">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1813#page-21</anchor-external></li></ul></refs></section><section><h1>gzip</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="55" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[55]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">gzip</anchor> の <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">MTIME</anchor> は、 <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> を<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">小エンディアン</anchor>の
4バイト<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">符号無し整数</anchor>で表したものです。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="56" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[56]</anchor-end> ただし、<n xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">0</n> は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">タイムスタンプ</anchor>なしを表します。</p></section><section><h1>ext ファイルシステムのタイムスタンプ</h1><p><sw-see xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"> <anchor>extの日時形式</anchor> </sw-see></p></section><section><h1>PGP の時刻</h1><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="5" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[5]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">RFC 4880 - OpenPGP Message Format</cite>
(<time>2015-04-05 14:41:03 +09:00</time> 版)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4880#section-3.5">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4880#section-3.5</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>A time field is an unsigned four-octet number containing the number
of seconds elapsed since midnight, 1 January 1970 UTC.</p></blockquote></figure></section><section><h1>DKIM の時刻</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="13" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[13]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">RFC 4871</anchor> が定義する <code class="822" xml:lang="en"><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">DKIM-Signature</anchor>:</code>
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">頭欄</anchor>の <code class="822" xml:lang="en"><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">t</anchor>=</code> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">タグ</anchor>の値は、
1970年1月1日0時0分0秒 (<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">UTC</anchor>) からの<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>数とされています。
ただし、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">閏秒</anchor>は数えません。 <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">RFC 4871</anchor> は、
実装に対して最低 10<sup>12</sup> (≒ <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">紀元後</anchor>20万年、≒ 40ビット<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">符号無し整数</anchor>)
までの値を扱えることを<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><strong xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">推奨</strong></anchor> (<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><strong xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">SHOULD</strong></anchor>) しています。
更に、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">サービス拒否攻撃</anchor>防止のために、
12桁以上の値は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">無限大</anchor>とみなして<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><strong xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">構わない</strong></anchor>
(<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><strong xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">MAY</strong></anchor>) ともしています。</p></section><section><h1>SQL</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="31" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[31]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">SQL</anchor> では<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">時間帯を持たない日時</anchor>の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">データ型</anchor>が使われることも多いですが、
その場合でも <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> が使われることがあります。ここでの <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor>
は、本来の <time>1970年1月1日0時 UTC<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">0</attrvalue></time> からの<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒数</anchor>ではなく、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">地方時</anchor>の<time>0時<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">00:00:00</attrvalue></time>からの<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒数</anchor>とされています。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="20" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[20]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">MySQL</anchor> では、 <code>UNIX_TIMESTAMP</code> で<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時</anchor>を <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> に、
<code>FROM_UNIXTIME</code> で <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> を<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時</anchor>に変換できます。</p><comment-p xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="32" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[32]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">SQLの日時形式</anchor>も参照。</comment-p></section><section><h1>OAuth の時刻</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="2" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[2]</anchor-end> <code class="URI" xml:lang="en"><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">oauth_timestamp</anchor></code> も <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> 同等の定義となっています。</p></section><section><h1>OpenID の時刻</h1><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="3" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[3]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Final: OpenID Connect Core 1.0 incorporating errata set 1</cite>
(<time>2014-11-09 04:00:29 +09:00</time> 版)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#rfc.section.2">http://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#rfc.section.2</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>Its value is a JSON number representing the number of seconds from 1970-01-01T0:0:0Z as measured in UTC until the date/time. </p></blockquote></figure></section><section><h1>CDNI の時刻</h1><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="21" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[21]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">RFC 8006 - Content Delivery Network Interconnection (CDNI) Metadata</cite>
(<time>2016-12-14 14:55:04 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8006#section-4.3.4">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8006#section-4.3.4</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>A time value expressed in seconds since the UNIX epoch (i.e., zero
hours, zero minutes, zero seconds, on January 1, 1970) Coordinated
Universal Time (UTC) <strong>[</strong>POSIX<strong>]</strong>.</p><p>Type: Integer</p><p>Example time representing 09:00:00 01/01/2000 UTC:
946717200</p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="22" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[22]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">RFC 8007 - Content Delivery Network Interconnection (CDNI) Control Interface / Triggers</cite>
(<time>2016-12-14 14:58:50 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8007#section-5.2.5">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8007#section-5.2.5</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>A JSON number, seconds since the UNIX epoch (00:00:00 UTC on
1 January 1970).</p></blockquote></figure></section><section><h1>TLS の時刻</h1><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="4" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[4]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">RFC 5246 - The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2</cite>
(<time>2015-02-19 08:58:15 +09:00</time> 版)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246#section-7.4.1.2">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246#section-7.4.1.2</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><dl><dt>gmt_unix_time</dt><dd>
The current time and date in standard UNIX 32-bit format
(seconds since the midnight starting Jan 1, 1970, UTC, ignoring
leap seconds) according to the sender's internal clock.  Clocks
are not required to be set correctly by the basic TLS protocol;
higher-level or application protocols may define additional
requirements.  Note that, for historical reasons, the data
element is named using GMT, the predecessor of the current
worldwide time base, UTC.</dd></dl></blockquote></figure></section><section><h1>VMS の時刻</h1><p><sw-see xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"> <anchor>VMSの日時形式</anchor> </sw-see></p></section><section><h1>ASN.1</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="126" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[126]</anchor-end> <dfn>BinaryTime</dfn> は、 <dfn>RFC 4049</dfn>
で規定された <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ASN.1の日時形式</anchor>の一種で、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> を使っています。
<src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="125" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;125</anchor-internal></src></p><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><ul xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="125" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[125]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">rfc4049</cite>, <time>2021-07-05T05:45:18.000Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4049">https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4049</anchor-external></li></ul></refs></section><section><h1>MessagePack Timestamp extension type</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="116" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[116]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">MessagePack</anchor>
は、
<dfn>Timestamp extension type</dfn>
を定めています。
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ビット長</anchor>の異なる3種類があります。
<src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="82" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;82</anchor-internal></src></p><ul><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="118" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[118]</anchor-end> <dfn>timestamp 96 format</dfn> - <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">32ビット符号なし整数</anchor></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="119" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[119]</anchor-end> <dfn>timestamp 64 format</dfn> - <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">34ビット符号なし整数</anchor>, <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒</anchor> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">30ビット符号なし整数</anchor></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="120" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[120]</anchor-end> <dfn>timestamp 32 format</dfn> - <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">64ビット符号<strong xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">付き</strong>整数</anchor>, <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒</anchor> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">32ビット符号なし整数</anchor></li></ul><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="117" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[117]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>はいずれも <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor>。<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒</anchor>は [0, 999999999]。
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">仕様書</anchor>に符号化・復号の方法が定められていますが、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒</anchor>に不正な値が与えられた時の検査は何もされていません。
<src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="82" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;82</anchor-internal></src>
これは意図したものであるようですが <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="121" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;121</anchor-internal></src>、
その意図は不明です。
実装が厳密に検査するか否か、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>と<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒未満</anchor>を分けて保持するかどうかで、
挙動が変わってきそうで、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">相互運用性</anchor>・<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">セキュリティー</anchor>等の問題の温床にならないか懸念されます。</p><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><ul xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="81" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[81]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">MessagePackフォーマット仕様にTimestamp型を追加 - Blog by Sadayuki Furuhashi</cite> (<time>2019-09-27 10:27:34 +09:00</time>) <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://frsyuki.hatenablog.com/entry/2017/08/10/144310">http://frsyuki.hatenablog.com/entry/2017/08/10/144310</anchor-external></li><li>
<anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="82" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[82]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">msgpack/spec.md at master · msgpack/msgpack</cite> (<time>2019-09-27 20:33:37 +09:00</time>) <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/blob/master/spec.md#timestamp-extension-type">https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/blob/master/spec.md#timestamp-extension-type</anchor-external></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="121" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[121]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Proposal for timestamp type by frsyuki · Pull Request #209 · msgpack/msgpack · GitHub</cite>, <time>2021-04-09T06:35:49.000Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/pull/209">https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/pull/209</anchor-external></li></ul></refs><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="73" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[73]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">msgpack/spec.md at master · msgpack/msgpack</cite>
(<time>2019-07-14 10:38:22 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/blob/master/spec.md#timestamp-extension-type">https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/blob/master/spec.md#timestamp-extension-type</anchor-external></p></section><section><h1>CBOR</h1><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="58" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[58]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)</cite>
(<time>2018-02-23 07:30:37 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://cbor-wg.github.io/CBORbis/#datetimesect">https://cbor-wg.github.io/CBORbis/#datetimesect</anchor-external>
(消滅確認 <time>2021-04-09T06:46:30.200Z</time>)</figcaption><blockquote><p>Tag value 1 is for numerical representation of seconds relative to 1970-01-01T00:00Z in UTC time. (For the non-negative values that the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) defines, the number of seconds is counted in the same way as for POSIX “seconds since the epoch” <strong>[</strong>TIME_T<strong>]</strong>.) The tagged item can be a positive or negative integer (major types 0 and 1), or a floating-point number (major type 7 with additional information 25, 26, or 27). Note that the number can be negative (time before 1970-01-01T00:00Z) and, if a floating-point number, indicate fractional seconds.</p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="43" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[43]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">RFC 7049 - Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)</cite>
(<time>2017-05-07 16:11:09 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049#section-2.4.1">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049#section-2.4.1</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>Tag value 1 is for numerical representation of seconds relative to</p><p>1970-01-01T00:00Z in UTC time.  (For the non-negative values that the</p><p>Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) defines, the number of</p><p>seconds is counted in the same way as for POSIX &quot;seconds since the</p><p>epoch&quot; <strong>[</strong>TIME_T<strong>]</strong>.)  The tagged item can be a positive or negative</p><p>integer (major types 0 and 1), or a floating-point number (major type</p><p>7 with additional information 25, 26, or 27).  Note that the number</p><p>can be negative (time before 1970-01-01T00:00Z) and, if a floating-</p><p>point number, indicate fractional seconds.</p></blockquote></figure></section><section><h1>SGML, XML</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="111" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[111]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">DSSSL</anchor>:
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">JIS X 4153:1998</anchor> 8.5.11
「<sw-l xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">1970年1月1日午前0時0分0秒 (GMT) から経過した秒数を整数として</sw-l>」</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="141" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[141]</anchor-end> <time>2001-08-19T05:29:10.000Z</time>, <time>2023-11-23T08:36:37.306Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://www.y-adagio.com/public/standards/jis_dsssl/cls8.txt">http://www.y-adagio.com/public/standards/jis_dsssl/cls8.txt</anchor-external></p><blockquote><pre>(time)
(time-&gt;string k)
(time-&gt;string k boolean)</pre><p>手続きtimeは,1970年1月1日午前0時0分秒(GMT)から経過した秒数を整数として返す。手続きtime-&gt;stringは,手続きtimeが返す日付及び時間の整数表現をISO 8601の形式の文字列に変換する。引数booleanが存在し,それが真の場合,文字列表現はGMTに基づくものとなり,その他の場合に地方時間を示す。</p></blockquote><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="122" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[122]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">XFDLの日時処理</anchor></p></section><section><h1>その他</h1><figure class="short list"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="127" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[127]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">応用</anchor></figcaption><ul><li><cite><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">JSON Timestamps</anchor></cite></li><li><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">MongoDB Extended JSON</anchor>の時刻の一種</li><li><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Time component</anchor></li></ul></figure><ul><li>
<anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="19" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[19]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">WebDriver</cite>
(<time>2016-07-22 07:24:31 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/webdriver-spec.html#dfn-unix-epoch">https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/webdriver-spec.html#dfn-unix-epoch</anchor-external><ul><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="107" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[107]</anchor-end> 
移転確認 <time>2024-09-19T06:11:50.800Z</time></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="108" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[108]</anchor-end> 
<cite xml:lang="en-us">WebDriver</cite>, <time>2024-07-23T11:04:13.000Z</time>, <time>2024-09-19T06:11:35.679Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/#dfn-unix-timestamp">https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/#dfn-unix-timestamp</anchor-external></li></ul></li></ul><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="61" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[61]</anchor-end> <cite>LHA解説書</cite>
(<time>2012-10-06 14:39:51 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://techno7.co.jp/jimuki/new2000/lha/index.htm">http://techno7.co.jp/jimuki/new2000/lha/index.htm</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>LHA では内部的にタイムスタンプを 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC からの通算秒
に変換しています。このため、実在しないスタンプ(80-00-00 など)を持った
ファイルを格納した場合、タイムスタンプは不定となります。</p></blockquote></figure><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="62" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[62]</anchor-end> しかし保存先は <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">MS-DOSの日時形式</anchor>らしい。</p><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="63" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[63]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja-jp">LHAフォーマット ‐ 通信用語の基礎知識</cite>
(<time>2018-10-14 01:39:52 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://www.wdic.org/w/TECH/LHA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%83%88">https://www.wdic.org/w/TECH/LHA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%83%88</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>03h	DWORD	最終更新日時 (time_t形式)</p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="64" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[64]</anchor-end> <cite>gzip-1.9 released <strong>[</strong>stable<strong>]</strong></cite>
(<time>2018-01-08 08:44:44 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2018-01/msg00004.html">https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2018-01/msg00004.html</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>When converting from system-dependent time_t format to the 32-bit</p><p>unsigned MTIME format used in gzip files, if a timestamp does not</p><p>fit gzip now substitutes zero instead of the timestamp's low-order</p><p>32 bits, as per Internet RFC 1952.  When converting from MTIME to</p><p>time_t format, if a timestamp does not fit gzip now warns and</p><p>substitutes the nearest in-range value instead of crashing or</p><p>silently substituting an implementation-defined value (typically,</p><p>the timestamp's low-order bits).  This affects timestamps before</p><p>1970 and after 2106, and timestamps after 2038 on platforms with</p><p>32-bit signed time_t.  <strong>[</strong>bug present since the beginning<strong>]</strong></p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="42" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[42]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">RFC 7519 - JSON Web Token (JWT)</cite>
(<time>2017-05-14 16:14:20 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-2">https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-2</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>NumericDate</p><p>A JSON numeric value representing the number of seconds from</p><p>1970-01-01T00:00:00Z UTC until the specified UTC date/time,</p><p>ignoring leap seconds.  This is equivalent to the IEEE Std 1003.1,</p><p>2013 Edition <strong>[</strong>POSIX.1<strong>]</strong> definition &quot;Seconds Since the Epoch&quot;, in</p><p>which each day is accounted for by exactly 86400 seconds, other</p><p>than that non-integer values can be represented.</p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="98" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[98]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">SORACOM API 利用ガイド | SORACOM Users</cite>
(<time>2020-03-26 00:33:24 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://dev.soracom.io/jp/docs/api_guide/#datetime">https://dev.soracom.io/jp/docs/api_guide/#datetime</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>API パラメータでは、UNIX Time(1970年1月1日からの経過秒数)を指定する箇所と、YYYYMMDD のようなフォーマットの文字列形式で指定する箇所がありますが、いずれも UTC で指定します。</p></blockquote></figure><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="110" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[110]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">GNU Coreutils: 28.9 Unix 紀元 (the Epoch) からの秒数</cite>
(<time>2019-09-09T03:33:16.000Z</time>, <time>2020-10-20T09:12:42.541Z</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://linuxjm.osdn.jp/info/GNU_coreutils/coreutils-ja_207.html">https://linuxjm.osdn.jp/info/GNU_coreutils/coreutils-ja_207.html</anchor-external></p><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="128" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[128]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">設定ファイルの仕様 | COCOA Open Source Project</cite>
(<time>2021-11-25T07:16:26.000Z</time>, <time>2021-11-30T09:42:52.767Z</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://cocoa-mhlw.github.io/cocoa/docs/appendix/preference_specification/#v130--">https://cocoa-mhlw.github.io/cocoa/docs/appendix/preference_specification/#v130--</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>日付情報はUNIX Epoch(e.g. <code>1592528400</code>)</p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="90" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[90]</anchor-end> <cite>VRML97, ISO/IEC 14772-1:1997 -- 3 Definitions</cite>
(<time>2014-01-31 07:20:50 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://www.web3d.org/documents/specifications/14772/V2.0/part1/glossary.html#Time">https://www.web3d.org/documents/specifications/14772/V2.0/part1/glossary.html#Time</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>3.99 time</p><p>A monotonically increasing value generated by a node. Time (0.0) starts at 00:00:00 GMT January 1, 1970.</p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="91" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[91]</anchor-end> <cite>VRML97, ISO/IEC 14772-1:1997 -- 4 Concepts</cite>
(<time>2014-01-31 07:20:50 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://www.web3d.org/documents/specifications/14772/V2.0/part1/concepts.html#4.11">https://www.web3d.org/documents/specifications/14772/V2.0/part1/concepts.html#4.11</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>Time (0.0) is equivalent to 00:00:00 GMT January 1, 1970. Absolute times are specified in SFTime or MFTime fields as double-precision floating point numbers representing seconds. Negative absolute times are interpreted as happening before 1970.</p></blockquote></figure><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="92" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[92]</anchor-end> <cite>VRML97, ISO/IEC 14772-1:1997 -- 5 Field and Event Reference</cite>
(<time>2014-01-31 07:20:50 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://www.web3d.org/documents/specifications/14772/V2.0/part1/fieldsRef.html#SFTime">https://www.web3d.org/documents/specifications/14772/V2.0/part1/fieldsRef.html#SFTime</anchor-external></p><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="51" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[51]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">GitHub API v3 | GitHub Developer Guide</cite>
(<time>2017-06-10 05:53:45 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://developer.github.com/v3/#rate-limiting">https://developer.github.com/v3/#rate-limiting</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>The time at which the current rate limit window resets in UTC epoch seconds.</p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="52" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[52]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">docker service logs | Docker Documentation</cite>
(<time>2017-06-10 10:22:13 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/service_logs/#extended-description">https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/service_logs/#extended-description</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>When providing Unix timestamps enter seconds<strong>[</strong>.nanoseconds<strong>]</strong>, where seconds is the number of seconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970 (midnight UTC/GMT), not counting leap seconds (aka Unix epoch or Unix time), and the optional .nanoseconds field is a fraction of a second no more than nine digits long.</p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="53" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[53]</anchor-end> <cite>取引所APIドキュメント | Coincheck(コインチェック)</cite>
(<time>2017-06-22 11:12:30 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://coincheck.com/ja/documents/exchange/api">https://coincheck.com/ja/documents/exchange/api</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>ACCESS-NONCE 毎リクエストごとに増加する必要のある正の整数。通常はUNIXタイムスタンプを用います。最大値は 9223372036854775807 です。APIキーごとに管理されます。</p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="57" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[57]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Git - git-commit Documentation</cite>
(<time>2018-03-04 14:30:18 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit#_date_formats">https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit#_date_formats</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>Git internal format</p><p>It is &lt;unix timestamp&gt; &lt;time zone offset&gt;, where &lt;unix timestamp&gt; is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch. &lt;time zone offset&gt; is a positive or negative offset from UTC. For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is +0100.</p></blockquote></figure><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><figure xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="145" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[145]</anchor-end> 
<cite xml:lang="en">How to convert dates to Unix timestamps in ClickHouse®</cite>, <time>2026-01-01T09:52:55.000Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://www.tinybird.co/blog/convert-date-to-unix-timestamp-clickhouse">https://www.tinybird.co/blog/convert-date-to-unix-timestamp-clickhouse</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>Use <code>toUnixTimestamp64()</code> or cast results to UInt64 for dates after 2038. Standard <code>toUnixTimestamp()</code> returns UInt32 which overflows in 2038, causing incorrect results for future dates. The 64-bit variants handle dates well beyond the current millennium.</p></blockquote></figure></refs></section></section><section><h1>ミリ秒Unix time</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="137" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[137]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Java</anchor> などで<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">単位</anchor>を<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒</anchor>とする<dfn>ミリ秒Unix time</dfn>が使われています。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="136" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[136]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">BSON</anchor> の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">UTC datetime</anchor>が<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒Unix time</anchor> です。
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">MongoDB Extended JSON</anchor> の日付の一種も<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒Unix time</anchor>です。</p><section><h1><dfn>Java時刻</dfn>、<dfn>JavaScript時刻</dfn></h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="14" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[14]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Java</anchor> の <code>Calendar</code> <src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="27" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;27</anchor-internal></src> や
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">JavaScript</anchor> の <code class="JS" xml:lang="en"><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Date</anchor></code> の値も <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor>
と同じ<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">元期</anchor>ですが、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒</anchor><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">単位</anchor>となっています。 (こちらも<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">閏秒</anchor>は考えません。)</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="154" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[154]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Java</anchor> は <code>long</code> (<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">64ビット符号付き整数</anchor>)、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">JavaScript</anchor> は <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">number</anchor> (<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">倍精度浮動小数点数</anchor>)
なので<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">値域</anchor>は違います。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="24" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[24]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">DOM</anchor> の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時</anchor>を扱う <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">API</anchor> (<code>DOMTimeStamp</code>) も、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒</anchor>単位の千倍 <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> を用いています。</p><comment-p xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="45" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[45]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">JavaScriptの日時形式</anchor>も参照。</comment-p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="46" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[46]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">DateTime Wire Format</anchor> でも使われています。</p><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><figure xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="97" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[97]</anchor-end> 
<cite xml:lang="en-US">Push API</cite>, <time>2020-02-04 16:21:34 +09:00</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://w3c.github.io/push-api/#dfn-subscription-expiration-time">https://w3c.github.io/push-api/#dfn-subscription-expiration-time</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>time, in milliseconds since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970</p></blockquote><p><sw-see xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"> <anchor>購読満期時刻</anchor> </sw-see></p></figure><figure xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="27" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[27]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Calendar (Java Platform SE 7 )</cite>
(<time>2014-02-20 11:18:28 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/jp/7/api/java/util/Calendar.html">http://docs.oracle.com/javase/jp/7/api/java/util/Calendar.html</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>特定の時点は、1970 年 1 月 1 日 00:00:00.000 GMT (グレゴリオ暦) を元期とするミリ秒単位のオフセットで表現できます。</p></blockquote></figure></refs><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="30" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[30]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">File API</cite>
(<time>2017-02-11 03:25:10 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://w3c.github.io/FileAPI/#UnixEpoch">https://w3c.github.io/FileAPI/#UnixEpoch</anchor-external></p><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="50" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[50]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja-jp">タイムスタンプ型 | CQL for Cassandra 2.x</cite>
(<time>2017-05-23 01:28:12 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://docs.datastax.com/ja/cql-jajp/3.1/cql/cql_reference/timestamp_type_r.html">https://docs.datastax.com/ja/cql-jajp/3.1/cql/cql_reference/timestamp_type_r.html</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>タイムスタンプ型の値は64ビットの符号付き整数としてエンコードされ、エポックとして知られる標準基準時間(1970年1月1日、GMT時間0時0分0秒)からのミリ秒数を表します。</p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="44" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[44]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">レシートのフィールド</cite>
(<time>2017-05-18 00:39:47 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://developer.apple.com/jp/documentation/General/ValidateAppStoreReceipt/Chapters/ReceiptFields.html">https://developer.apple.com/jp/documentation/General/ValidateAppStoreReceipt/Chapters/ReceiptFields.html</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>定期購読の有効期限が、1970年1月1日 00:00:00 GMTからのミリ秒単位で表されています。</p><p>ASN.1フィールドタイプ:1708</p><p>ASN.1フィールド値: IA5STRING(RFC 3339の日付として解釈されます)</p><p>JSONフィールド名:expires_date</p><p>JSONフィールド値:数値</p></blockquote></figure><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="48" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[48]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">プログラマーの常識をJavaで身につける(4):OSとプログラミングの「時間」に関する常識 (1/3) - @IT</cite>
(<time>2017-06-08 18:49:20 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/ait/articles/0703/28/news135.html">http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/ait/articles/0703/28/news135.html</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>具体的には、1970年1月1日 00:00:00 GMTからのミリ秒数を表すlong値として表現されています。この原稿では、これを便宜的に「エポックからのミリ秒」と呼ぶことにします。なお、1970年1月1日 00:00:00 GMTについてJava言語APIでは、「エポック」と呼んでいます。</p></blockquote></figure><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="54" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[54]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Make Event's timeStamp use DOMHighResTimeStamp</cite>
(<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">majido</anchor>著, <time>2017-07-13 16:38:55 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://github.com/whatwg/dom/commit/912d58746bc4c67c2fd210124639f7c34991fce5">https://github.com/whatwg/dom/commit/912d58746bc4c67c2fd210124639f7c34991fce5</anchor-external></p><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="96" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[96]</anchor-end> <cite>Ink Markup Language (InkML)</cite>
(<time>2018-10-09 22:24:24 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-InkML-20110920/#timestamp">https://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-InkML-20110920/#timestamp</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>time = xsd:decimal</p><p>The absolute time for this timestamp, in milliseconds since 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC.</p><p>Required: no, Default: none.</p></blockquote></figure><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="129" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[129]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja-jp">DateTimeOffset.ToUnixTimeMilliseconds メソッド (System) | Microsoft Docs</cite>
(<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">dotnet-bot</anchor>, <time>2021-11-30T09:52:24.000Z</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://docs.microsoft.com/ja-jp/dotnet/api/system.datetimeoffset.tounixtimemilliseconds?view=net-6.0#System_DateTimeOffset_ToUnixTimeMilliseconds">https://docs.microsoft.com/ja-jp/dotnet/api/system.datetimeoffset.tounixtimemilliseconds?view=net-6.0#System_DateTimeOffset_ToUnixTimeMilliseconds</anchor-external></p></section></section><section><h1>ナノ秒Unix time</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="138" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[138]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Go言語</anchor>などで<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">単位</anchor>を<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒</anchor>とする<dfn>ナノ秒Unix time</dfn>が使われています。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="149" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[149]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en-us">Date nanoseconds field type | Elasticsearch Guide <strong>[</strong>8.11<strong>]</strong> | Elastic</cite>, <time>2023-11-24T15:20:54.000Z</time>, <time>2023-11-25T08:49:54.880Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/date_nanos.html">https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/date_nanos.html</anchor-external></p><blockquote><p>The <code>date_nanos</code> data type stores dates in nanosecond resolution, which limits its range of dates from roughly 1970 to 2262, as dates are still stored as a long representing nanoseconds since the epoch.</p></blockquote><section><h1><dfn>Go時刻</dfn></h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="34" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[34]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Go</anchor> の <dfn><code>Time<title xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">Time (Go)</title></code></dfn> は、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ナノ秒</anchor>単位の <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor>
を用いています。</p><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><figure xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="33" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[33]</anchor-end> <cite>time - The Go Programming Language</cite>
(<time>2017-03-10 18:17:34 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://golang.org/pkg/time/#Time">https://golang.org/pkg/time/#Time</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>The zero value of type Time is January 1, year 1, 00:00:00.000000000 UTC. </p></blockquote></figure></refs><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="35" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[35]</anchor-end> <cite>time - The Go Programming Language</cite>
(<time>2017-03-10 18:22:09 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://golang.org/pkg/time/#Time.UnixNano">https://golang.org/pkg/time/#Time.UnixNano</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>UnixNano returns t as a Unix time, the number of nanoseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970 UTC. </p></blockquote></figure></section></section><section><h1>日単位 Unix time</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="100" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[100]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">tantek</anchor>
は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">短縮URL</anchor>
で
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix epoch</anchor>
からの経過<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日</anchor>数を
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">New Base 60</anchor>
で記述し、
<dfn>epoch days</dfn>
と呼んでいます。
<src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="101" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;101</anchor-internal></src></p><example xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="102" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[102]</anchor-end> 
<code>4432</code>
は<time>2010-02-03</time>を表します。
<src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="101" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;101</anchor-internal></src></p></example><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><figure xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="101" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[101]</anchor-end> <cite><anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">tantek</anchor> / Whistle</cite>, <time>2020-10-02T06:54:32.000Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://tantek.pbworks.com/w/page/21743973/Whistle">http://tantek.pbworks.com/w/page/21743973/Whistle</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>After that I use a 3 digit sexagesimal (Base60) number to represent the date in a manner deliberately limited to human individuals. Why Base60? Lots of reasons, including print-safety (as mentioned above). Want to read the entire derivation and reasons why? See <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">NewBase60</anchor> (includes open source CASSIS implementation).</p><p>Why 3 sexagesimal digits to represent the date? It turns out that 3 sexagesimal digits are capable of representing over 500 years of days - plenty overengineered for any human lifetime. And if anyone does figure out how to live more than 500 years I have a feeling that person will not only not resemble human as we know it very much, but will either have bigger problems to deal with than URL shortener limitations, or will be so smart that they will come up with a better solution.</p><p>But for now, for our feeble less than 200 year lifetimes, this is good enough. In addition we can even agree on a day zero that computes well with existing platforms. Unix Epoch start: 1970-01-01. Given that no-one published anything to the web before 1990, I think we're ok with that. What happens in a few hundred years? Perhaps people can pick their own day zeroes as they see fit.</p><p>Thus the 3 characters after the &quot;t&quot; represent the number of days since 1970-01-01 in sexagesimal - what I'm calling &quot;epoch days&quot;.</p></blockquote></figure></refs><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="150" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[150]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">std::chrono::system_clock - cppreference.com</cite>, <time>2023-11-16T07:47:35.000Z</time>, <time>2023-11-25T09:33:29.643Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/system_clock">https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/system_clock</anchor-external></p><blockquote><table><tbody><tr><td>The epoch of <code>system_clock</code> is unspecified, but most implementations use Unix Time (i.e., time since 00:00:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), Thursday, 1 January 1970, not counting leap seconds).</td><td>(until C++20)</td></tr><tr><td><code>system_clock</code> measures Unix Time (i.e., time since 00:00:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), Thursday, 1 January 1970, not counting leap seconds).</td><td>(since C++20)</td></tr></tbody></table></blockquote><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="151" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[151]</anchor-end> <anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="150" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;150</anchor-internal>
<code>std::chrono::seconds</code> を使うと<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">秒</anchor>数になり、
<code>std::chrono::days</code> を使うと<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日</anchor>数になります。</p></section><section><h1>月単位 Unix time</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="132" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[132]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix epoch</anchor> を<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">元期</anchor>とし、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">月</anchor>を<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">単位</anchor>とする<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時系</anchor>がいくつかあります。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="133" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[133]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">ミリ秒Unix time</anchor>などとは違って、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">暦月</anchor>を<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">単位</anchor>とした数え方は通常の
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> の倍数ではないことに注意が必要です。<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">暦月</anchor>は<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">月</anchor>ごとに長さが違うので、
通常の <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> とそのまま相互変換することができません。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="139" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[139]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix epoch</anchor> を <n xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">0</n> とする<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">グレゴリオ月</anchor>単位の数え方: <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">HTML月数</anchor></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="140" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[140]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix epoch</anchor> を <n xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">0</n> とする<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">朔望月</anchor>単位の数え方: <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">月時計</anchor></p></section><section><h1>桁溢れ問題</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="76" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[76]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> の値を保存する<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">データ型</anchor>次第で、<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">日時桁溢れ問題</anchor>が発生します。</p><ul><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="182" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[182]</anchor-end> 
<cite xml:lang="ja">Xユーザーの狩野英孝さん: 「大阪へやってきました(^_^)v久しぶりにジャルジャルさんと仕事です(#^_^#)」 / X</cite>, <time>午後11:07 · 1992年9月2日<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">1992-09-02T14:07:12.000Z</attrvalue></time>, <time>2026-03-26T06:21:15.000Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://x.com/kano9x/status/145669840114425857">https://x.com/kano9x/status/145669840114425857</anchor-external><ul><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="183" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[183]</anchor-end> 
<cite xml:lang="ja">Xユーザーの祥太さん: 「狩野英孝さんが1992年(平成4年)9月2日に飛ばされた理由がわかった。 このツイートの本来の時刻は、2011年12月11日 10:02:50(JST)。「from:kano9x since:2011-12-11_10:02:50_JST until:2011-12-11_10:02:51_JST」で検索するとこのツイートが出てくることからわかる。」 / X</cite>, <time>午前3:56 · 2026年3月25日<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">2026-03-24T18:56:21.000Z</attrvalue></time>, <time>2026-03-26T06:21:15.000Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://x.com/shota_/status/2036517492378705927">https://x.com/shota_/status/2036517492378705927</anchor-external></li></ul></li></ul><section><h1>0値、負値</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="8" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[8]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">iPhoneを「1970年1月1日」に設定すると利用不能になる問題、Appleがソフト更新で解消へ - ITmedia ニュース</cite>
(<time>2016-02-17 19:58:04 +09:00</time> 版)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1602/16/news132.html">http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1602/16/news132.html</anchor-external></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="9" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[9]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">iPhoneで「1970年1月1日」に設定すると使用不能に? 実際に試してみた - ITmedia Mobile</cite>
(<time>2016-02-17 19:59:19 +09:00</time> 版)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://www.itmedia.co.jp/mobile/articles/1602/12/news125.html">http://www.itmedia.co.jp/mobile/articles/1602/12/news125.html</anchor-external></p></section><section><h1>10進10桁化</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="144" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[144]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">10進表現</anchor>は<time>平成13(2001)年<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">2001</attrvalue></time>に9桁で表現できなくなりました。
前年の<time>平成12(2000)年<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">2000</attrvalue></time>の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">西暦2000年問題</anchor>に関連して危険日としてよく紹介されていました
(<dfn>西暦2001年9月9日問題</dfn>)。
大きな問題は報告されていません。
<src xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:"><anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="143" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;143</anchor-internal>, <anchor-internal xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="142" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">&gt;&gt;142</anchor-internal></src></p><refs xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"><ul xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="143" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[143]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en-US">Unix Tick Tocks to a Billion | WIRED</cite>, <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Condé Nast</anchor>, 
Sep 8, 2001 2:00 AM,
<time>2023-11-25T05:51:40.000Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://www.wired.com/2001/09/unix-tick-tocks-to-a-billion/">https://www.wired.com/2001/09/unix-tick-tocks-to-a-billion/</anchor-external></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="142" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[142]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Time formatting and storage bugs - Wikipedia</cite>, <time>2023-11-24T03:13:21.000Z</time>, <time>2023-11-25T05:51:24.631Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs#Year_2001">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs#Year_2001</anchor-external></li></ul></refs><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="157" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[157]</anchor-end> 
<cite xml:lang="ja">Windows Meに2001年9月9日問題 | スラド</cite>, <time>2024-01-25T08:05:28.000Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://srad.jp/story/01/06/12/0626230/">https://srad.jp/story/01/06/12/0626230/</anchor-external></p><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="26" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[26]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">電子機器の時刻</cite>
(<time>2017-01-09 16:22:34 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://www.ffortune.net/calen/calen/etime.htm">http://www.ffortune.net/calen/calen/etime.htm</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>2001年9月9日1時46分40秒にこの数字が十進数で9桁から10桁に変わりました。2chなどではこの数字を掲示板のidに使用しているため、この前後での掲示板の並べ替えがうまく行きません。 </p></blockquote></figure><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="87" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[87]</anchor-end> <cite>9月 9日 コンピュータの9月9日問題が発生(2001年)(ブルーバックス編集部) | ブルーバックス | 講談社</cite>
(<time>2019-11-10 09:37:51 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://gendai.ismedia.jp/articles/-/66915">https://gendai.ismedia.jp/articles/-/66915</anchor-external></p></section><section><h1>西暦2038年問題</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="59" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[59]</anchor-end> 
<dfn>西暦2038年問題</dfn>は、
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor>
の<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">桁溢れ問題</anchor>です。
<time>令和20(2038)年<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">2038</attrvalue></time>に <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">Unix time</anchor> が<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">32ビット整数</anchor>で表現できなくなること、
およびそれに起因する諸問題であります。
<sw-see xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"> <anchor>西暦2038年問題</anchor> </sw-see></p></section><section><h1>西暦2106年問題とそれ以降</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="75" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[75]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">西暦2038年問題</anchor>の次は<dfn>西暦2106年問題</dfn>とされます。</p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="148" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[148]</anchor-end> 
<cite xml:lang="en">Time formatting and storage bugs - Wikipedia</cite>, <time>2023-11-24T03:13:21.000Z</time>, <time>2023-11-25T07:58:03.547Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs#Year_2106">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs#Year_2106</anchor-external></p><blockquote><p>Many existing file formats, communications protocols, and application interfaces employ a variant of the Unix <code>time_t</code> date format, storing the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch (midnight UTC, 1 January 1970) as an unsigned 32-bit binary integer. This value will roll over on 7 February 2106 at 06:28:15. That is, at this time the number of seconds since 1 January 1970 is FFFF FFFF in hex. </p></blockquote><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="152" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[152]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Time formatting and storage bugs - Wikipedia</cite>, <time>2023-11-24T03:13:21.000Z</time>, <time>2023-11-25T09:41:30.433Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs#Year_2286">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs#Year_2286</anchor-external></p><blockquote><p>Systems that use a string of length 10 characters to record the Unix time may have problems reporting times beyond the ten-billionth second after 20 November 2286, at 17:46:40. </p></blockquote><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="135" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[135]</anchor-end> 
<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">西暦2232年問題</anchor></p><ul><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="159" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[159]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">西暦2262年問題に対処するべきか | 雑記帳</cite>, <time>2024-03-24T13:03:23.000Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://blog.miz-ar.info/2024/03/year-2262-problem/">https://blog.miz-ar.info/2024/03/year-2262-problem/</anchor-external></li><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="160" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[160]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">Xユーザーのmod_poppoさん: 「今から書くコードが2038年を過ぎても動作しなければならないのはいいとして、2262年を過ぎても動作した方が良いかは少し考えてしまう(1970年からナノ秒単位で数えた時に符号付き64ビット整数で表現できる範囲を超えるのが2262年)」 / X</cite>, <time>午後6:24 · 2024年3月23日<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">2024-03-23T09:24:17.000Z</attrvalue></time>, <time>2024-03-24T12:48:51.000Z</time> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://twitter.com/mod_poppo/status/1771467998898827671">https://twitter.com/mod_poppo/status/1771467998898827671</anchor-external><ul><li><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="161" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[161]</anchor-end> アンケート202票中、80.7%が対応不要</li></ul></li></ul><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="77" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[77]</anchor-end> <dfn>西暦2486年問題</dfn></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="78" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[78]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">西暦2038年問題</anchor>の対策のいくつかは<time>西暦2486年<attrvalue xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:10:">2486</attrvalue></time>まで延命するものです。
<sw-see xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:"> <anchor>西暦2038年問題</anchor> </sw-see></p></section></section><section><h1>Unix time と称する Unix time ではないもの</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="28" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[28]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">TAI</anchor> を<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">元期</anchor>とするものは <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">TAI64</anchor> 参照。</p><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="123" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[123]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">第66回 モジュールによる時間の多様な取り扱い(1):Perl Hackers Hub|gihyo.jp … 技術評論社</cite>
(<time>2021-04-19T00:15:00.000Z</time>, <time>2021-04-19T11:29:21.509Z</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://gihyo.jp/dev/serial/01/perl-hackers-hub/006601">https://gihyo.jp/dev/serial/01/perl-hackers-hub/006601</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>UNIX時間は,例外的にClassic Mac OSなど一部の古いシステムでは,UTC1904年1月1日00:00:00が紀元になることがあります。</p></blockquote></figure><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="47" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[47]</anchor-end> <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">UNIX時間</anchor>と称しているが、実際には <anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">1904 time system</anchor> のこと。</p></section><section><h1>メモ</h1><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="1" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[1]</anchor-end> <em>スラッシュドット ジャパン | 明日でepochから2^30秒</em> <anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://slashdot.jp/article.pl?sid=04/01/08/172200&amp;mode=flat&amp;commentsort=4&amp;threshold=-1">http://slashdot.jp/article.pl?sid=04/01/08/172200&amp;mode=flat&amp;commentsort=4&amp;threshold=-1</anchor-external></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="16" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[16]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">time_t - Wikipedia</cite>
( (<time>2014-04-22 06:59:21 +09:00</time> 版))
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_t">http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_t</anchor-external></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="17" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[17]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Unix time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</cite>
( (<time>2014-05-11 13:26:43 +09:00</time> 版))
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time</anchor-external></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="36" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[36]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">SANS Digital Forensics and Incident Response Blog | Understanding EXT4 (Part 2): Timestamps | SANS Institute</cite>
(<time>2017-03-10 19:07:34 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://digital-forensics.sans.org/blog/2011/03/14/digital-forensics-understanding-ext4-part-2-timestamps">https://digital-forensics.sans.org/blog/2011/03/14/digital-forensics-understanding-ext4-part-2-timestamps</anchor-external></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="39" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[39]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Add PushSubscription.expirationTime (#248)</cite>
(<anchor xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">beverloo</anchor>著, <time>2017-04-19 02:15:13 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://github.com/w3c/push-api/commit/73da6411aac80de7de9bf5e65ee8eb4cc6a9aa24">https://github.com/w3c/push-api/commit/73da6411aac80de7de9bf5e65ee8eb4cc6a9aa24</anchor-external></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="40" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[40]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Epoch (astronomy) - Wikipedia</cite>
(<time>2017-05-08 07:11:20 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)</anchor-external></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="41" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[41]</anchor-end> <cite>General Concepts</cite>
(<time>2017-05-15 17:06:25 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16">http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16</anchor-external></p><figure class="quote"><figcaption><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="49" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[49]</anchor-end> <cite>日付関数またはタイムスタンプ関数の日付部分 - Amazon Redshift</cite>
(<time>2017-06-08 07:42:07 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/ja_jp/redshift/latest/dg/r_Dateparts_for_datetime_functions.html">http://docs.aws.amazon.com/ja_jp/redshift/latest/dg/r_Dateparts_for_datetime_functions.html</anchor-external></figcaption><blockquote><p>Amazon Redshift の EPOCH の実装は、サーバーのあるタイムゾーンから独立した 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000 に関連します。</p></blockquote></figure><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="60" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[60]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Unix time - Wikipedia</cite>
(<time>2018-09-29 18:11:15 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time</anchor-external></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="80" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[80]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="en">Package google.protobuf  |  Protocol Buffers  |  Google Developers</cite>
(<time>2019-06-20 23:04:44 +09:00</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/reference/google.protobuf#google.protobuf.Timestamp">https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/reference/google.protobuf#google.protobuf.Timestamp</anchor-external></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="112" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[112]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">Arthur David OlsonさんはTwitterを使っています 「It's Salute to the Seventies day at the @SSTransitCenter. Guess: a UNIX-derived computer operating on UTC drives this display and crashed 17 minutes before I captured this image. https://t.co/G3b12GQDue https://t.co/9Ze5qUN5ME」 / Twitter</cite>
(午前4:22 · 2021年2月2日 <tz xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">+09:00</tz>, <time>2021-02-01T12:13:06.000Z</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://twitter.com/dashdashado/status/1356321947005628418">https://twitter.com/dashdashado/status/1356321947005628418</anchor-external></p><p><anchor-end xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:anchor="130" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:">[130]</anchor-end> <cite xml:lang="ja">10億秒 | スラド</cite>
(<time>2022-02-24T05:35:37.000Z</time>)
<anchor-external xmlns="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resScheme="URI" xmlns:a0="urn:x-suika-fam-cx:markup:suikawiki:0:9:" a0:resParameter="https://srad.jp/story/01/09/08/1027223/">https://srad.jp/story/01/09/08/1027223/</anchor-external></p></section></body></html>