[184] 他に もありますが、
地方時の記載はありません。出典は
「Montessus de ballore, 1903 cited by Soloviev et al. 1984」
とありますが、これが何に由来する時刻なのかは不明です。[34] 、
マーシャル諸島は独領ミクロネシア保護領となりました。
にはナウルも編入されました。
以後ナウルを含む独領マーシャル諸島はヤルート会社統治領となりました。[42]米西戦争の結果、調印のパリ条約によりグアムとフィリピンはアメリカ合衆国領となりました。
パリ条約はに発効しました。
フィリピンの標準時
以後米領グアムについては >>91 を参照。
[181] THE TSUNAMI HISTORY OF GUAM: 1849-1993
(James F. Lander, Lowell S. Whiteside, Paul Hattori,
Science of Tsunami Hazards, Volume 20, Number 3, page 158 (2002),
) ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazards/publications/ref0482_lander.pdf
[137] tz/australasia at master · eggert/tz () https://github.com/eggert/tz/blob/master/australasia#L406
[40] tz/backzone at master · eggert/tz ( 版) https://github.com/eggert/tz/blob/master/backzone#L672
[93]
、
米国海軍により
Kwajalein Test Center
が設置されました。[308]
、
北マリアナ諸島は海軍省から内務省に移管されました。
米領太平洋諸島の中央政庁はグアム島からサイパン島に移転しました。[352]
、
Kwajalein Test Center
は米国陸軍に移管されました。[309]
、
マイクロネシア評議会に替えてマイクロネシア議会が設置されました。
[223] の米国の書籍 Time Changes
(米国版) は、
MARIANA ISLANDS を +09:00、
MARSHALL ISLANDS と GUAM を +10:00、
WAKE ISLAND を +12:00 としていました >>220。
[1] Public Law 94-241 94th Congress Joint Resolution To approve the "Covenant To Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Polilical Union with the United States of America", and for other purposes. () https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg263.pdf
[359]
Welcoming America's newest commonwealth : the second interim report of the Northern Mariana Islands Commission on Federal Laws to the Congress of the United States,
Northern Mariana Islands Commission on Federal Laws,
()
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d008186861;view=1up;seq=154
(pp. 329-331)
The standard time throughout the Commonwealth shall be the mean solar time
of the one hundred fiftieth degree of longitude east from Greenwich (150°E).
This time shall be known as Marianas Standard Time.
The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is hereby exempted from
the provisions of 15 U.S.C. § 260a. The entire Commonwealth shall observe the
standard time set forth in 1 CMC § 501.
Source: See 15 U.S.C. § 260a.
Commission Comment: This section provides a legal basis for current
practice.
MIDC § 1.20.020 authorized the former district administrator to provide for
daylight savings time during dates specified in administrative directives. However,
the federal Uniform Time Act (15 U.S.C. §§ 260 et seq.) provides that it
supersedes inconsistent state laws; see 15 U.S.C. § 260a(b). Under the Uniform
Time Act, “state” includes “any possession of the United States” (15 U.S.C.
§ 267), and, because that term is applicable to Guam (see 1 GCA § 1010), the
act applies within the Commonwealth, as well.
[120] Visitor Information - Federated States of Micronesia
()
https://web.archive.org/web/20021217174402/http://www.visit-fsm.org:80/visitors/visitors.html
Time:
The FSM spans two time zones. Yap and Chuuk are 10 hours ahead of GMT; Pohnpei and Kosrae are GMT +11 hours.
[111] In Marshall Islands, Friday Is Followed by Sunday - NYTimes.com
()
http://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
Residents were going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from one side of the international date line to the other.
The Marshall Islands, a group of about 100 islets of which Kwajalein is the largest, sit west of the international date line. But Kwajalein, which is about 300 miles west of the line, had synchronized its day of the week with the United States mainland, to the east, about 40 years ago when the United States Army established a missile test range here.
The Republic of the Marshall Islands requested the latest change so all its islets would be on the same side of the date line.
Kwajalein's workweek will shift to Tuesday through Saturday, the mainland's Monday through Friday. Church services will still be held on Sunday, which will seem like Saturday as it is the first weekend day off. Many people plan to use their Mondays to run errands like most mainlanders do on Saturdays.
[156] 1992年 Standard time zone chart of the world, 1992 時差の表
[154]Standard Time Zones of the World時差の表
[291] Travel97: To Every Times, There Is A Purpose
(MIKE CHADWICK Originally published December 28, 1997 )
https://web.archive.org/web/20180108213705/www.sptimes.com/Travel97/10198/To_Every_Times__There.html
Take the case of the Marshall Islands, a remote Pacific atoll to the west of the International Date Line. The largest island, Kwajalein, is a U.S. Army base with virtually no native inhabitants. At the height of its Cold War activity, Kwajalein adopted the same "day" as the continental United States, thereby propelling the island to the east of the Date Line and retarding it by 24 hours in relation to its neighboring islands.
But in 1993, the regional government reclaimed its prodigal son. The impact on the unfortunate Kwajaleinians was to erase the 21st of August from their calendars -- a Saturday. Bemused residents marked the event with a 2-mile, three-day "Run Around the Clock," starting just before midnight on Friday and ending a few minutes later on Sunday morning.
[294] U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll Reagan Test Site
()
https://kwajaleinscubaclub.com/forms/visitor_brochure.pdf#page=3
Kwajalein is west of the
international date line,
making it one day ahead
of Hawaii and the
continental United States.
When its noon Sunday on
Kwajalein, its 2 p.m.
Saturday in Honolulu and
7 p.m. (EST) Saturday on
the East Coast. The work
week on Kwajalein and
Roi-Namur is Tuesday
through Saturday, to
correspond to the work
week in the states.
Sunday, the first day of the weekend, is
the primary day for religious observances,
and Monday, the second day of the weekend,
is a day for shopping, recreation, yard
work, and patio sales.
[290] Welcome to Kwajalein
(Revised May 2010 )
https://www.krsjv.com/Shared%20Documents/Kwajalein%20Brochure%20May-2010.pdf#page=3
Kwajalein is west of the international date line, making it one day ahead of Hawaii and the
continental United States. When it’s noon Sunday on Kwajalein, it’s 2:00 p.m. Saturday in
Honolulu and 7:00 p.m. EST Saturday on the East Coast. The work week on Kwajalein and
Roi-Namur is Tuesday through Saturday, to correspond to the work week in the States.
[292] Workin’ on Kwaj « The Sand Castle
(20 June 2017 - Posted by kimberlywarner )
https://kimberlywarner.wordpress.com/2017/06/20/workin-on-kwaj/
First off, our work week doesn’t change but it is Tuesday through Saturday here. Since we are nearly a day ahead of the United States (16 hours ahead of Eastern Time) and on the other side of the International Date Line, us starting the work week on Tuesday at least puts us sort of on the same 5-day Monday through Friday cycle as the States. Doing this, we’re only 2 hours different from our District Office in Hawaii.
This works pretty well for the Honolulu folks (mostly – many still think that when I work on Saturday I’m on overtime, which I am not) but we here on the island still have to keep track of the time difference. My boss in Hono says the meeting is on Friday at 9am, and I have to know that’s Kwaj Saturday at 7am. If he says he needs that spreadsheet updated by COB Wednesday, I know I have until COB Thursday. Microsoft Outlook automatically converts for us if there’s an official calendar invite, but… I still get confused. So even though we are a day ahead of everyone, we’re 2 hours behind Hono (but a day ahead) in our real/fake adjusted time warp. Understand the dilemma?
[293] Welcome to Kwajalein Republic of the Marshall Islands
(Updated July 2014 )
https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/396011.pdf#page=2
Kwajalein is west of the International Date Line, making it one day ahead
of Hawaii and the continental United States. Officially, the time zone is
MHT, or Marshall Islands Time, and is Coordinated Universal Time plus 12
hours. If it is 8 a.m. on Tuesday in Kwajalein, then it is 4 p.m. on Monday
Eastern-Standard time in the U.S. during Daylight Saving
Time.
The workweek on Kwajalein and Roi-Namur is Tuesday
through Saturday, to correspond to the workweek in the
United States. Sunday is the first day of the weekend, while
Monday is a day for shopping, relaxing, recreation, yard
work and patio sales.
[32] International Date Line - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
( 版)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Date_Line#Kwajalein
Kwajalein atoll in the Marshall Islands District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947–1986) and its successor, the Marshall Islands, has been administered by the United States and used the Hawaiian date, so was east of the International Date Line. Kwajalein advanced to the west of the IDL by skipping 21 August 1993 to match the dates used by the rest of the Marshall Islands at the request of its government.[14] As a result of the shift, Kwajalein's work week was changed to Tuesday through Saturday to match the Hawaiian work week of Monday through Friday on the other side of the IDL (with a remaining difference of two hours due to the two time zones involved, UTC+12 and UTC-10).
[212] IBM How to interpret the Hexadecimal values in a Time/Date value - Japan
()
https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg27003019
(GMT-12:00) Eniwetok, Kwajalein Dateline Standard Time N ZW12
[213] world timke zones: UTC (GMT)12: NZST- International Date Line East
()
http://alien-homepage.de/weather_start/current_site_template_%20expl_english/weathersite%20general%20template/timezones/gmt12.html
> Eniwetok (until the 1990er years UTC−12h)
> Kwajalein (until the 1990 years UTC−12h)
[214] Time Zones in Taleo Enterprise
()
http://chrccapache2prod.taleo.net/mywebtop800/release_notes_en/monarchdoc/timezone/r_timezonesintaleoenterprise.html
[11] 承認のグアム公法第5-5号
AN ACT TO ADD SECTION 223 TO CHAPTER 3, TITLE I, GOVERNMENT CODE OF GUAM, RELATIVE TO ESTABLISHING A STANDARD TIME FOR GUAM AND PROVIDING FOR DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME FOR GUAM
により、グアム政府法典が改正され、
グアム標準時+10:00 と
グアム日光節約時+11:00
が定められました。両者の切り替えは執行官令で定める日のとされています。
>>10
[256] 承認のグアム公法第9-58号
AN ACT TO EXEMPT GUAM FROM THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 3(a) OF THE UNIFORM ACT OF 1966
は、アメリカ合衆国の Uniform Time Act of 1966 に従い夏時刻を実施しないこととし、
夏期も標準時を用いることと定めました >>255。
[258] 1980年3月5日承認のグアム公法第15-104号
An Act to enact Title I of the Guam Code Annotated and to repeal all laws inconsistent therewith
は、グアム法典注解に >>256 の変更を取り込んで改正しました。
これはグアムに適用される法令を集積して注釈を加えたもので、
標準時に関しては、連邦法に適切な時間帯が無いので独自の規定が必要なこと、
連邦法に基づく夏時刻を実施するか、しないかのいずれか (現行法では実施しない)
であり、執行官令による夏時刻の実施は最早認められないと解されることが注記されています。
>>257
[253] 承認のアメリカ合衆国公法第106-564号
An act to establish a standard time zone for Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and for other purposes
により、アメリカ合衆国の Act of March 19, 1918 (Calder Act) と
Uniform Time Act of 1966 が一部改正され、
Chamorro standard time +10:00 が追加されました >>12。
[330]
Robert とスタッフは時間帯の名称を検討し、
Chamorro Standard Time しかないとの結論に達しました。
Guam time zone では北マリアナ諸島が忘れられ、
Guam/Marianas time zone でも Marianas が落とされる可能性があり
(Hawaii-Aleutian Island time zone は Hawaiian Standard Time と呼ばれている)、
Marianas time zone ではグアムが忘れられると考えました。
民族名である Chamorro を名称とすることについて、
カロリン人(北マリアナ諸島の憲法ではチャモロ人と共に先住民とされています。) から
Chamolinian とするべきと提案がありましたが、
Robert はグアムでは通用せず、
グアムと北マリアナ諸島を包括する語は
Chamorro しかないと拒みました。
>>282
[334]Chamorro を名称にしたのは、
知事選挙のチャモロ人票を得るためだ、
と穿った見方をする人もいました。
実際にはチャモロ人の反対陣営から「議会で Chamorro standard time
以外何もしなかった」と批判するのに使われました。
Robert にとって Chamorro standard time
は重点政策でなく、成立時に「Robert といえばこの法律、となるよ」
と言われたときにはピンときていませんでしたが、
実際そうなりました。 >>282
[272] Congressional Serial Set - Google ブックス
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1905 )
https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=-3lZAAAAIAAJ&q=For+Tutuila,+Samoa,+Samoan+standard+time,+longitude+1721%C2%B0+west.+For+the+island+of+Guam,+Guam+standard+time,+longitude+145%C2%B0+east.+For+the+Philippine+Islands,+Philippine+standard+time,+longitude+120%C2%B0+east.+For+Porto+Rico,+Atlantic+standard&dq=For+Tutuila,+Samoa,+Samoan+standard+time,+longitude+1721%C2%B0+west.+For+the+island+of+Guam,+Guam+standard+time,+longitude+145%C2%B0+east.+For+the+Philippine+Islands,+Philippine+standard+time,+longitude+120%C2%B0+east.+For+Porto+Rico,+Atlantic+standard
For Tutuila, Samoa, Samoan standard time, longitude 1721° west. For the island of Guam, Guam standard time, longitude 145° east. For the Philippine Islands, Philippine standard time, longitude 120° east. For Porto Rico, Atlantic standard
[252] Public Law 5-025 - AN ACT TO ADD SECTION 223 TO CHAPTER 3, TITLE I, GOVERNMENT CODE OF GUAM, RELATIVE TO ESTABLISHING A STANDARD TIME FOR GUAM AND PROVIDING FOR DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME FOR GUAM. () http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
[248] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 7-59 GUAM DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME ( 版) http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
(1959年5月6日)
[239] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 61-5 REVOCATION OF DAYLIGHT SAVING THlE AND RESTORATION OF STANDARD THME () http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf
(1961年1月24日)
[241] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 67-13 GUAM DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME () http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
(1967年8月25日)
[243] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 69-2 REPEAL OF GUAM DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME () http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
(1969年1月24日)
[246] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO.69-10 GUAM DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME ( 版) http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
(1969年6月18日)
[247] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 70-10 GUAM DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME ( 版) http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
(1970年4月16日)
グァム島では四月二十六日から十月二十五日までの半年間、
いわゆる「夏時間」 Daylight saving time が適用されている。
信託統治領にはその適用がないため、
サイパンとグァムの間で今は一時間の時差がある。
そのため、グァムに着いたのは現地時間では十一時四十分ころであった。
[242] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 70-30 END OF GUAM DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME () http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
(1970年8月31日)
[238] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 71-5 GUAM DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME () http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
(1971年3月4日)
[237] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO, 73-28 GUAM DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME () http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf
(1973年11月28日)
[240] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 74-7 GUAM DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME - RESCINDED () http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf
(1974年2月13日)
[245] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 76-1 DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME ( 版) http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
(1976年5月25日)
[250] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 76-25 REVOCATION OF EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 76-13 ( 版) http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf
(1976年8月20日)
[244] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 77-4 DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME () http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
(1977年4月10日)
[249] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 77-18 GUAM STANDARD TIME () http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf
(1977年8月22日)
[358]
Aircraft accident report, Air Manila, Incorporated : Lockheed L-188A, Republic of the Philippines registry RP-C1061, Guam, Mariana Islands, June 4, 1976,
()
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822029010493;view=1up;seq=23
p. 19
0330 Guam daylight time, June 6, 1976.
[255] Public Law 9-058 - AN ACT TO EXEMPT GUAM FROM THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 3(a) OF THE UNIFORM ACT OF 1966. () http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_9th/PL09-058.pdf
[257] Public Law 15-104 - An Act to enact Title I of the Guam Code Annotated and to repeal all laws inconsistent therewith () http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_15th/PL%2015-104b.pdf#page=39
[331] H.R.3756 - 106th Congress (1999-2000): To establish a standard time zone for Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and for other purposes. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress () https://www.congress.gov/bill/106th-congress/house-bill/3756
[333] Congressional Record | Congress.gov | Library of Congress () https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2000/10/10/house-section/article/H9539-1
[12]
[7] Public Law 106 - 564 - An act to establish a standard time zone for Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and for other purposes.
( 版)
https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-106publ564/content-detail.html
[259] 1 GCA GENERAL PROVISIONS CH. 10 HOLIDAYS, FESTIVITIES, TIME. ETC. () http://www.guamcourts.org/compileroflaws/GCA/01gca/1gc010.PDF#page=5
[228]Shanks (2003)
[138] tz/australasia at master · eggert/tz () https://github.com/eggert/tz/blob/master/australasia#L385
[6] Chamorro Time Zone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
( 版)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone
The Mariana Islands were not part of any time zone legislated by the U.S. Congress until the Chamorro time zone was established by Public Law 106-564 on December 23, 2000. Prior to 2000, Guam's standard time was based on territorial Public Law 5-25 (1959) which designated the time Guam Standard Time. The law (Guam Code Annotated, Title 1, Section 1010) was established long before the Northern Mariana Islands came under U.S. sovereignty in 1986, and still remains in the book today despite federal overlap.
[282]
Looking in the Rear View Mirror of Marianas History ― Objects May Be Closer Than They Appear!,
Dr. Robert A. Underwood (President, University of Guam),
2nd Marianas History Conference ― Overview,
()
http://www.guampedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/mhc2-overviewB_pft.pdf#page=37
[283] » Robert Underwood
()
https://www.guampedia.com/robert-underwood/
Robert Anacletus Underwood, a former member of the US Congress, was the president of the University of Guam from 2008 until July 2018.
Underwood served as the Guam Delegate to the US Congress in the 103rd through 107th Congresses from 1993 to 2003 during which he sponsored major legislation for Guam, played an active role in US Department of Defense authorization bills and was an advocate for political development for insular areas and the extension of educational and social opportunities for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. During his tenure in congress, he became a senior member of both the House Armed Services and Resources committees. He emphasized the importance of Guam and the Asian Pacific region in national strategic policy and worked to enhance the benefits of military personnel, especially those in guard and reserve units.
He brought recognition to Guam’s unique people by lifting the ban on betel nut (pugua) importation into the US Customs Zone, inclusion in the National World War II Memorial, the creation of Chamorro Standard Time (CST) and participation in national commemorative events.
[281][tz] Timezone history for some Pacific Islands.
()
https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027249.html
[339] Updates for Guam DST, Japanese in Pacific (eggert著, ) https://github.com/eggert/tz/commit/e972ffad0049c23dd673e97ee6021b64685df129
[337] New Guinea And The Marianas : Samuel_eliot_morison : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
()
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101104/page/n9
East Longitude dates except for events in Europe, the United States and Hawaii, “King” Time (Zone minus 10).
On 22 March (West Longitude date) . On the third day out, 25
March, at 1332,6
6 East Longitude date, Zone minus 11 time. The force skipped 24 March, and
the rest of the operation is in this time.
At 0600 May 17, by Zone minus 10 time, it was still dark.
[357] Navy Dept. Communiques 1-624. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library
()
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2958673;view=image;seq=790;start=1;sz=10;page=search;num=311
CINCPOA PRESS RELEASE NO. 252, 4 SEPTEMBER 1945
The American flag was raised at 3 o'clock this after- noon, Guamtime. Under the over-all command of Marine Major General Henry L Larsen, Island Commander Guam, Rota thus became American territory for the first time in history.
[363] Daylight Saving Time No More? | In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress
()
https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2019/03/daylight-saving-time-no-more/
However, daylight saving time is not observed in Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and most of Arizona.
[367] Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data
()
https://www.ietf.org/timezones/theory.html#abbreviations
Previous editions of this guideline required upper-case letters, but the Congressman who introduced Chamorro Standard Time preferred "ChST", so lower-case letters are now allowed.